This study compares the composition of macadamia and gevuina nuts following natural abscission and airdrying of intact nuts and compares chemical and sensory properties on roasting gevuina nuts using a reported macadamia roasting process. The markedly higher fat content of macadamia (75% vs. 43%) reflected a higher percentage of protein, moisture, ash and carbohydrate in gevuina nuts. Gevuina nuts also had lower energy and pH values than macadamia. Water activities were similar. Both oils were around 80% monounsaturated, but differed widely in positional isomerism. On roasting, macadamia nuts developed sweet, nutty, buttery notes along with brown colour development (measured using L*, a*, b* values) after 20 min at 135°C while gevuina nut colour and aroma took at least 30 min, where the aroma was more hazelnut-like. Extractable volatiles were significantly higher for macadamias following roasting.
Abstract. This paper describes an investigation designed to probe the causal ordering between vocabulary and comprehension skills of primary grade pupils. Five causal methods were used to analyze a set of reading data obtained in a panel situation from second-and third-graders. The results suggest that the two reading components are probably causally related and that vocabulary is likely to be the predominant causal factor. There is strong evidence that the causal links are congruent. Similar patterns of results were obtained from the second-and third-grade samples included in the study. Considerable convergent validity was obtained through the use of the five causal methods.Reading is a highly elaborate procedure. Past research has identified various discrete components of reading (
Behavior therapy implementation relies in part on training to foster counselor skills in preparation for delivery with fidelity. Amidst Covid-19, the professional education arena witnessed a rapid shift from in-person to virtual training, yet these modalities’ relative utility and expense is unknown. In the context of a cluster-randomized hybrid type 3 trial of contingency management (CM) implementation in opioid treatment programs (OTPs), a multi-cohort design presented rare opportunity to compare cost-effectiveness of virtual vs. in-person training. An initial counselor cohort (
n
= 26) from eight OTPs attended in-person training, and a subsequent cohort (
n
= 31) from ten OTPs attended virtual training. Common training elements were the facilitator, learning objectives, and educational strategies/activities. All clinicians submitted a post-training role-play, independently scored with a validated fidelity instrument for which performances were compared against benchmarks representing initial readiness and advanced proficiency. To examine the utility and expense of in-person and virtual trainings, cohort-specific rates for benchmark attainment were computed, and per-clinician expenses were estimated. Adjusted between-cohort differences were estimated via ordinary least squares, and an incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated. Readiness and proficiency benchmarks were attained at rates 12–14% higher among clinicians attending virtual training, for which aggregated costs indicated a $399 per-clinician savings relative to in-person training. Accordingly, the ICER identified virtual training as the dominant strategy, reflecting greater cost-effectiveness across willingness-to-pay values. Study findings document greater utility, lesser expense, and cost-effectiveness of virtual training, which may inform post-pandemic dissemination of CM and other therapies.
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