This study investigated patterns of abdominal muscle recruitment during the abdominal drawing in manoeuvre in subjects with chronic low back pain (CLBP) and radiological diagnosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Data were collected using surface electromyography from 12 physically active subjects with CLBP and 10 controls. The control subjects displayed an ability to preferentially activate internal oblique with minimal activation of upper rectus abdominis during the action of drawing in the abdominal wall. The group with CLBP were unable to achieve this. This finding may reflect the presence of neuromuscular dysfunction in this group. Further study is required to investigate if these findings are linked to the ability of patients with CLBP to provide dynamic stability of their lumbar spine.
Falsely leading subjects to believe that another liked or disliked them led subjects to be actually liked or disliked. Subjects who believed they were liked after a personal encounter sell-disclosed more, disagreed less, expressed dissimilarity less, and had a more positive tone of voice and general attitude than subjects who believed they were disliked. These behaviors led to reciprocal behaviors on the part of the other. No differences were obtained in such measures as number of conversations initiated, compliments, eye gaze, forward leaning, or placement of the chair. Being liked was also correlated with self-disclosure, expressions of similarity and dissimilarity, voice tone, and general attitude. Perceived self-likability was correlated with the belief that one was liked and tended to be correlated with actually being liked more. Considerable research has now supported what Merton (1948) originally labeled the self-fulfilling prophecy and what others have called "expectancy confirmation" (Darley & Fazio, 1980;Rosenthal & Rubin, 1978). In this process a perceiver holds an expectation about a target person and engages in behaviors in his or her interaction with the target person so that the expectation is confirmed. Most of the research regarding the expectancy confirmation process has focused on the constraining influence of the perceivers on the targets. The response of the target to the perceiver's evaluation has received less attention, especially the response to personality evaluations as opposed to performance evaluations.The research that has examined the target's responses to negative social evaluations has demonstrated that targets frequently attempt to overcome a perceiver's negative social label (Brown, 1968;Steele, 1975) and are able to do so at least some of the time (Hilton & Darley, 1985;Swann & Ely, 1984; Swann & Read, Experiment II, 1981). In Brown's study, participants in a two-person bargaining game were systematically exploited by a programmed confederate and were then told they were foolish by an "audience" or not so humiliated. Humiliated partici-
Although administrators and others in higher education are aware of the impact of economics on a school's ability to operate, they may not be aware of the impact on students' health.
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