We report here the use of positron emission tomography (PET) to reveal that the primary visual cortex is activated when subjects close their eyes and visualize objects. The size of the image is systematically related to the location of maximal activity, which is as expected because the earliest visual areas are spatially organized. These results were only evident, however, when imagery conditions were compared to a non-imagery baseline in which the same auditory cues were presented (and hence the stimuli were controlled); when a resting baseline was used (and hence brain activation was uncontrolled), imagery activation was obscured because of activation in visual cortex during the baseline condition. These findings resolve a debate in the literature about whether imagery activates early visual cortex and indicate that visual mental imagery involves 'depictive' representations, not solely language-like descriptions. Moreover, the fact that stored visual information can affect processing in even the earliest visual areas suggests that knowledge can fundamentally bias what one sees.

Human cell lines established from biliary tract cancers are rare, and only five have been reported previously. We report the characterisation of six new six biliary tract cancer cell lines (designated SNU-245, SNU-308, SNU-478, SNU-869, SNU-1079 and SNU-1196) established from primary tumour samples of Korean patients. The cell lines were isolated from two extrahepatic bile duct cancers (one adenocarcinoma of common bile duct, one hilar bile duct cancer), two adenocarcinomas of ampulla of Vater, one intrahepatic bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma), and one adenocarcinoma of the gall bladder. The cell phenotypes, including the histopathology of the primary tumours and in vitro growth characteristics, were determined. We also performed molecular characterisation, including DNA fingerprinting analysis and abnormalities of K-ras, p15, p16, p53, hMLH1, hMSH2, DPC4, b-catenin, E-cadherin, hOGG1, STK11, and TGF-bRII genes by PCR -SSCP and sequencing analysis. In addition, we compared the genetic alterations in tumour cell lines and their corresponding tumour tissues. All lines grew as adherent cells. Population doubling times varied from 48 -72 h. The culture success rate was 20% (six out of 30 attempts). All cell lines showed (i) relatively high viability; (ii) absence of mycoplasma or bacteria contamination; and (iii) genetic heterogeneity by DNA fingerprinting analysis. Among the lines, three lines had p53 mutations; and homozygous deletions in both p16 and p15 genes were found three and three lines, respectively; one line had a heterozygous missense mutation in hMLH1; E-cadherin gene was hypermethylated in two lines. Since the establishment of biliary tract cancer cell lines has been rarely reported in the literature, these newly established and well characterised biliary tract cancer cell lines would be very useful for studying the biology of biliary tract cancers, particularly those related to hypermethylation of E-cadherin gene in biliary tract cancer.

Characteristically, prostate cancer (PCa) cells exhibit marked decrease in intracellular zinc; however, the mechanism responsible is not clearly understood. HOXB13 is involved in PCa progression and is overexpressed in castration-resistant PCa. DNA microarray analysis of LNCaP Pca cells showed that ZnT zinc output transporters were strikingly upregulated among androgen-independent HOXB13 target genes. Furthermore, exogenous HOXB13 caused intracellular zinc concentrations to fall in PCa cells, stimulated NF-κB-mediated signaling by reducing inhibitor of NF-κB alpha (IκBα) and enhanced the nuclear translocation of RelA/p65. Human prostate tumors also exhibited strong inverse correlation between the protein expressions of HOXB13 and IκBα. Consequently, HOXB13 stimulated PCa cell invasion, and this was inhibited by the suppression of ZnT4. In addition, studies in a PC3 orthotopic mouse model of PCa metastasis showed that HOXB13 is a strong metastatic stimulator. Taken together, these results show that HOXB13 promotes PCa invasion and metastasis by decreasing intracellular zinc levels, thus stimulating NF-κB signals, and suggest that HOXB13 acts as a modulator of intracellular zinc levels that promotes the malignant characteristics of PCa.

The SIR of cancer was significantly higher in SSc patients, and especially in those who were male, than in the general population. Lung cancer was the most common cancer. Active surveillance for the detection of cancer should be performed in all SSc patients.

We present far-ultraviolet (FUV) spectral images, measured at C IV λ1550, He II λ1640, Si IV+O IV] λ1400, and O III] λ1664, of the entire Cygnus Loop, observed with the Spectroscopy of Plasma Evolution from Astrophysical Radiation (SPEAR) instrument, also known as FIMS. The spatial distribution of FUV emission generally corresponds with a limb-brightened shell, and is similar to optical, radio and X-ray images. The features found in the present work include a "carrot", diffuse interior, and breakout features, which have not been seen in previous FUV studies. Shock velocities of 140-160 km s −1 is found from a line ratio of O IV] to O III], which is insensitive not only to resonance scattering but also to elemental abundance. The estimated velocity indicates that the fast shocks are widespread across the remnant. By comparing various line ratios with steady-state shock models, it is also shown that the resonance scattering is widespread.