The fatigue induced by marathon races was observed in terms of inflammatory and immunological outcomes. Neutrophil survival and activation are essential for inflammation resolution and contributes directly to the pathogenesis of many infectious and inflammatory conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of marathon races on surface molecules related to neutrophil adhesion and extrinsic apoptosis pathway and its association with inflammatory markers. We evaluated 23 trained male runners at the São Paulo International Marathon 2013. The following components were measured: hematological and inflammatory mediators, muscle damage markers, and neutrophil function. The marathon race induced an increased leukocyte and neutrophil counts; creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), CK-MB, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and IL-8 levels. C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α plasma concentrations were significantly higher 24 h and 72 h after the marathon race. Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels decreased 72 h after the marathon race. We also observed an increased intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression and decreasedTNF receptor-1 (TNFR1) expression immediately after and 24 h after the marathon race. We observed an increased DNA fragmentation and L-selectin and Fas receptor expressions in the recovery period, indicating a possible slow rolling phase and delayed neutrophil activation and apoptosis. Marathon racing affects neutrophils adhesion and survival in the course of inflammation, supporting the “open-window” post-exercise hypothesis.

Obesity associated with a sedentary lifestyle can lead to changes in the immune system balance resulting in the development of inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to compare lymphocyte activation mechanisms between overweight children practicing regular circus physical exercises with non-exercised children. The study comprised 60 pubescent children randomly divided into 4 groups: Overweight Children (OWC) (10.67 ± 0.22 years old), Overweight Exercised Children (OWE) (10.00 ± 0.41 years old), Eutrophic Children (EC) (11.00 ± 0.29 years old) and Eutrophic Exercised Children (EE) (10.60 ± 0.29 years old). OWE and EE groups practiced circus activities twice a week, for 4.3 ± 0.5 and 4.4 ± 0.5 months, respectively. Percentage of T regulatory cells (Treg) and the expression of CD95 and CD25 in CD4+ lymphocytes were evaluated by flow cytometry. Lymphocyte proliferation capacity was measured by [14C]-thymidine incorporation and mRNA expression of IL-35, TGF-beta, IL-2 and IL-10 by real-time PCR. Lymphocyte proliferation was higher in OWC and OWE groups compared with the EC (3509 ± 887; 2694 ± 560, and 1768 ± 208 cpm, respectively) and EE (2313 ± 111 cpm) groups. CD95 expression on lymphocytes was augmented in the EC (953.9 ± 101.2) and EE groups (736.7 ± 194.6) compared with the OWC (522.1 ± 125.2) and OWE groups (551.6 ± 144.5). CTLA-4 expression was also lower in the OWC and OWE groups compared with the EC and EE groups. Percentage of Treg, IL-35, and IL-10 mRNA expression were lower in the OWC and OWE groups compared with the EC and EE groups. In conclusion, overweight children present altered immune system balance characterized by elevated lymphocyte proliferation due to a decrease in T regulatory cell percentage. These effects were partially reverted by moderate physical exercise, as demonstrated by decreased lymphocyte proliferation.

Herein, we investigated the effect of fish oil supplementation combined with a strength-training protocol, for 6 weeks, on muscle damage induced by a single bout of strength exercise in untrained young men. Sixteen men were divided into two groups, supplemented or not with fish oil, and they were evaluated at the pre-training period and post-training period. We investigated changes before and 0, 24, and 48 h after a single hypertrophic exercise session. Creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and the redox imbalance were increased in response to the single-bout session of hypertrophic exercises at baseline (pre-training period) and decreased during the post-training period in the control group due to the repeated-bout effect (RBE). The fish oil supplementation exacerbated this reduction and improved the redox state. In summary, our findings demonstrate that, in untrained young men submitted to a strength-training protocol, fish oil supplementation is ideal for alleviating the muscle injury, inflammation, and redox imbalance induced by a single session of intense strength exercises, highlighting this supplementation as a beneficial strategy for young men that intend to engage in strength-training programs.

RESUMOO objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar qualitativamente e quantitativamente o efeito de dois lasers, com diferentes comprimentos de onda, no processo infl amatório induzido por ferida cirúrgica na região dorsal de ratos. Foram utilizados 18 ratos Rattus novergicus, machos, pesando entre 200 e 250g, nos quais foi realizada uma incisão cirúrgica de 0,5cm de extensão. Após a incisão, o Grupo I (n=6) foi submetido à irradiação de forma puntiforme com laser de AsGa-Al ECCO Fibras® (Ecco Fibras ópticas e Dispositivos Ltda.), 50mW de potência, comprimento de onda de 660 nm, distância focal de 1cm e densidade energética de 3J/cm 2 . O Grupo II (n=6) foi irradiado com laser AsGa VISION® (Laser-und Medizin-Technologie, Berlin) com programação para laserterapia de baixa intensidade, potência de 4W/cm 2 , comprimento de onda 980nn, distância focal de 1cm e densidade energética de 12J/cm 2 . O grupo III não foi irradiado pós incisão cirúrgica. O protocolo de aplicação da laserterapia foi no ato cirúrgico, 24, 48 horas. O teste não-paramétrico de Kruskall-Wallis foi utilizado para a análise estatística dos resultados (p< 0,05), comparando os grupos I, II e III nos tempos 24 e 72 h. Os resultados mostraram redução estatisticamente signifi cante (p=0,0236) para o número de macrófagos no Grupo I no período de 24h. O número de fi broblastos foi signifi cantemente maior (p=0,0067) para o Grupo III no período de 24h. O Grupo I apresentou quantidade de fi bras colágenas do tipo I signifi cantemente menor (p<0,001) que os demais Grupos no período de 24h e o Grupo III apresentou crescimento signifi cativo dessas fi bras em relação aos outros Grupos no período de 72h (p<0,001). Com relação às fi bras colágenas do tipo III, o Grupo I apresentou aumento signifi cante (p<0,001) em relação aos outros Grupos no período de 24h, porém no de 72h foi o Grupo II que apresentou quantidade signifi cantemente maior (p<0,001). A laserterapia de baixa intensidade tanto com λ = 660nm, como com λ = 980nm, mostrou aspectos macroscópicos e microscópicos

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