No abstract

Nutritional research on the health benefits of substances in plant foods has recently advanced to a new stage. The research frontier has moved from study of classical vitamin deficiency diseases to study of the thousands of phytochemicals that may have important physiological effects. Recent research suggests that citrus fruit consumers may be getting another health benefit from orange juice and other citrus products called limonoids, which appear to possess substantial anticancer activity. Limonoids are highly oxidized triterpenes present in Rutaceae and Maliaceae families. Several citrus limonoids have recently been subjected to anticancer screening utilizing laboratory animals and human breast cancer cells. The experimental results described that citrus limonoids may provide substantial anticancer actions. The compounds have been shown to be free of toxic effects in animal models, so potential exists for the use of limonoids against human cancer in either natural fruits, in citrus fortified with limonoids, or in purified forms of specific limonoids. Although the initial studies are very promising they have been conducted primarily with in vitro cell culture and animal models. Thus, research is needed to determine whether the limonoids may be useful in preventing or treating cancer in humans.

To construct a novel live vaccine candidate for fowl typhoid (FT) caused by Salmonella Gallinarum (SG), the lon and cpxR genes that are related to host-pathogen interaction were deleted from a wild type SG using the allelic exchange method. The mutants were grown normally, as was the wild type. The biochemical properties of the mutants remained very similar to those of the wild-type, while JOL914 (Δlon) and JOL916 (ΔlonΔcpxR) were mucoid. Extracellular polysaccharide increased 30.6-, 1.3-, and 46.2-fold in JOL914, JOL915 (ΔcpxR), and JOL916, respectively. Dot-blot analysis demonstrated significant increases of FimA expression at 6.77-, 2.33-, and 3.90-fold for JOL914, JOL915, and JOL916, respectively. Internalizations of JOL914, JOL915, and JOL916, in chicken abdominal macrophages, were increased at 4.65-, 0.50-, and 2.72-fold, respectively. Virulences of JOL914, JOL915 and JOL916, analyzed by LD50 using 1-week-old chickens, were attenuated approximately at 101-, 101-, and > 103-fold, respectively. The oral inoculations of 2 × 107 cfu of the wild type, JOL914, JOL915 and JOL916 caused 55.6, 16.7, 22.2, and 0.0% mortality, respectively. Significantly moderate gross lesions of the liver and spleen were observed in the JOL916 group compared to the other groups. An induced immune response and significant peripheral mononuclear proliferation reaction were observed in the JOL916 group. At the protection against the wild type challenge, JOL916 offered 100% protection. Thus, the results of this study suggest that JOL916 among the mutants studied represented the safest and most effective live vaccine candidate against FT.

No abstract

No abstract

The colibacillosis caused by avian pathogenic (APEC) is responsible for a significant loss of productivity and mortality in the poultry industry. The pathogenicity of these bacteria is based on the presence and expression of various virulence factors. In this study, the presence of the virulence-associated genes in APEC was determined using PCR. Among the isolates from the chickens with colibacillosis, all contained at least one of the genes as approximately of the isolates contained Interestingly, the gene, which has not been detected in APEC previously, was detected in half of the isolates. The ColV plasmid-associated genes such as genes were also detected in. ,. ,. ,. ,. and. of isolates, respectively. With regard to the fimbrial genes, the (.), papC (.) and genes (.) were identified at relatively low rates, none of the isolates harbored or and only of the isolates (.) contained In this study, isolates harbored two or more of the genes, and there were di erent patterns of gene combination in the isolates. The most common pattern, which was found in. (isolates), was Overall, these results suggest that APEC strains in this area commonly contain multiple virulence factors and approximately half of the APEC strains contained the ColV plasmid-associated genes. Especially, and were detected more than half of the isoaltes. : APEC, broilers, molecular detection, virulence genes tsh fyu irp

Abstract:The effects of in vitro culture methods on morphological development and infectivity of Strongyloides venezuelensis filariform larvae (L 3 ) to rats were investigated. A significantly higher body length was observed in L 3 from filter paper culture (597.3 ± 32.2 µm) than those in fecal (509.9 ± 35.0 µm) and nutrient broth culture (503.3 ± 31.0 µm) (P<0.05). Larval infectivity was assessed by exposing rats to 1,000 L 3 from each culture and worms were recovered from the lungs and small intestines. Recovery rate of these worms did not show any significant difference. A significantly greater body length of adults was recorded in those corresponding to the L 3 harvested from filter paper (2,777.5 ± 204.4 µm) and nutrient broth culture (2,732.5 ± 169.8 µm) than those corresponding to the L 3 obtained from fecal culture (2,600.5 ± 172.4 µm) (P<0.05). Although worm fecundity and EPG counts differed among culture methods but worm burdens and course of infection did not. These findings suggest that the methods of cultures have a significant effect on the morphological development of the larvae to the L 3 stage, but do not influence the infectivity to rats.

In seeking to develop a safe fowl typhoid (FT) vaccine, a novel candidate lacking cpxR, lon, and asd Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) genes was constructed with the plasmid-containing araC::P(araBAD)::asd system. A balanced-lethal host-vector system based on the essential bacterial gene for aspartate beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (asd) was used to construct the SG mutant strain. A plasmid (p15A ori) with an araC::P(araBAD)::asd cassette was introduced into an auxotrophic mutant to prevent ex vivo survival. The safety, immunity, and protective properties of the SG mutant were evaluated. Inoculation of the mutant at 10(6) colony-forming units (CFU) did not result in recovery in feces and internal organs, whereas inoculation at 10(8) and 10(10) CFU resulted in moderate bacterial recovery from feces and organs. Birds immunized with the mutant were challenged with a virulent SG strain at day 14 postimmunization; significantly reduced mortality and induced plasma immunoglobulin (Ig)G and mucosal IgA responses were noted. Cellular immune responses as evaluated by a peripheral lymphocyte proliferation assay were also significantly induced. The balanced-lethal host-vector system for construction of SG mutants is an effective and improved approach for safe vaccine construction against FT.