The public transport system plays an important role in a city as it moves people from one place to another efficiently and economically. The public transport network must be organized in a way that will cover as many places and as much of the population as possible, and support the city’s growth. As one of Australia’s largest capital cities, Melbourne is growing and expanding its metropolitan area to reflect the growth in population and an increased number of activities. To date, little research has been conducted to determine the accessibility and adequacy of public transport taking into consideration the blank spot areas, the number of public transport options for each area, the population density within specific geographical areas, and other issues. In this study, a new measurement model is developed that examines public transport in residential areas and the extent to which it is adequate for the various local government areas (LGAs). An accessibility approach is adopted to evaluate the accessibility of different types of public transportation in residential areas in metropolitan Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The results show that in most LGAs, the number of blank spots will decrease as the population density increases. This indicates that residents in lower-density areas will have less accessibility to public transportation. However, there is no indication that there is a greater level of services (such as more night-time and weekend public transportation services) in the high-density areas. This research is significant as it will point to and help to improve the areas with inadequate public transportation and other issues, taking into consideration their geographical locations and population density.
SUMMARYCommon reverse nearest neighbor queries in spatial database run in an inefficient way because they need to check a query result with almost every nearest neighbor. This wastes many time and resources, making this approach unsuitable for mobile computation. Instead of using the neighbors as candidates for the query result, a region approach can be used to answer the query. By using this approach, any objects located in the region will be considered candidate results for the query. To reduce the cost of creating the region, we introduce the concept of a contact zone, a method that can identify the right region generator points without having to process the whole points in the space, hence make reverse nearest neighbor queries by region possible to be run in mobile devices. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The peer-to-peer (P2P) paradigm has become very popular for storing and sharing information. In most P2P systems, peers are connected by means of a limited range of uniform networks, leading to issues when some connected peers are isolated from the others. In order to address such issues, isolated peers rely on devices with long-range networks to relay their messages. However, since long-range devices can move freely, the set of connected peers may lose their connection. Hence, it is important not only to identify, but also to maximise the area known as the safe region (SR) where a long-range device can move freely while still maintaining connection with its peers. This paper illustrates an innovative and generic monitoring framework that addresses the issues related to frequent query location updating using a systematic approach. In our approach, we propose to apply the Reverse Nearest Neighbourhood (RNNH) concept in a P2P environment to efficiently identify and maximise the irregularly shaped area of the SR up to four times for the potential movement of the long-range devices. It was found that there is no need for costly re-computation when the query is retained within the SR. Monte-Carlo simulation was performed to calculate the area of the SR by weighing in shape irregularity. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach. INDEX TERMS Moving query, query processing, reverse nearest neighbourhood, safe region.
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