Introduction. The internet is an ever-evolving resource to improve healthcare literacy among patients. The nature of the internet can make it difficult to condense educational materials in a manner applicable to a worldwide patient audience. Within the realm of endocrinology, there is a lack of a comprehensive analysis regarding these pathologies in addition to educational materials related to their medical workup and management. The aim of this study is to assess contemporary online patient education material in endocrinology and management of care. Methods. Analysis of the readability of 1500 unique online education materials was performed utilizing 7 readability measures: Flesch Reading Ease (FRE), Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), Gunning Fog Index Readability Formula (FOG), Simple Measure of Gobbledygook Index (SMOG), Coleman-Liau Index (CLI), automated readability index (ARI), and Linsear Write Formula (LWF). Results. The average grade level readability scores from 6 measures (FKGL, FOG, SMOG, CLI, ARI, LWF) was ≥11 which corresponds to a reading level at or above the 11th grade. The average FRE between adrenal, diabetes and thyroid-related education material ranged between “fairly difficult” to “very difficult”. Conclusions. The current readability of contemporary online endocrine education material does not meet current readability recommendations for appropriate comprehension of the general audience.
Proprioception and interoception are two complex physiological functions believed to be dependent on a variety of factors. The present study examined the relationship between proprioception and interoception in a sample of undergraduate students to determine whether varsity athlete status moderated the relationship, as physical activity levels have been hypothesized to influence both proprioception and interoception. Participants (n ¼ 24) completed two tasks: a heartbeat discrimination test of interoceptive accuracy and a joint position matching test of proprioceptive accuracy at the elbow joint. Participants completed a questionnaire to determine their status as a varsity athlete at the university and the amount of time they dedicated every week to physical activity. The relationship between proprioceptive and interoceptive accuracy scores was analyzed across the entire sample and compared across athletes and non-athletes. Despite differences in physical activity between athletes and non-athletes (p ¼ 0.04, d ¼ 0.87), results revealed no significant relationships between proprioceptive accuracy and interoceptive accuracy in the entire sample (r(22) ¼ 0.16, p ¼ 0.47), in athletes (r(9) ¼ -0.31, p ¼ 0.36), or in non-athletes (r(11) ¼ 0.53, p ¼ 0.06). Also, this relationship did not significantly differ between athletes and non-athletes (q ¼ 0.91, p ¼ 0.06), despite a large effect size. Overall, there were no significant relationships between athlete status, proprioceptive accuracy, and interoceptive accuracy.
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