BackgroundStillbirth is often defined as fetal death after 24 weeks of gestation, but a fetus greater than any combination of 16, 20, 22, 24, or 28 weeks gestational age and 350 g, 400 g, 500 g, or 1000 g birth weight may be considered stillborn depending on local law. Once the fetus has died, the mother may or may not have contractions and undergo childbirth or in some cases, a Caesarean section. Most stillbirths occur in full-term pregnancies.MethodsThis study has intended to model determinants of experiencing stillbirth among women in child bearing age group of Ethiopia using the Ethiopian demographic and health Survey data (EDHS, 2011). First, the bivariate chi-square test of association was fitted to the data and significant variables were considered for further investigation binary logistic regression models were fitted.ResultsThis study revealed that the rate of experiencing stillbirth among women of child bearing age was about 25.5 per 1000 deliveries in Ethiopia. From binary logistic regression, region of residence, maternal age, place of residence, education level, parity, antenatal care utilization, place of delivery, body mass index (BMI) and anemia level were found to be significantly associated with experiencing stillbirth.ConclusionsResearchers should use multilevel models than traditional regression methods when their data structure is hierarchical as like in Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data.
Objective: Stillbirth is often defined as fetal death after 24 weeks of gestation, but a fetus greater than any combination of 16, 20, 22, 24, or 28 weeks gestational age and 350g, 400g, 500g, or 1000g birth weight may be considered stillborn depending on local law. Once the fetus has died, the mother may or may not have contractions and undergo childbirth or in some cases, a Caesarean section. Most stillbirths occur in full-term pregnancies. If all causes of stillbirth are taken together, the new estimates would place stillbirths fifth on the list of causes of deaths (COD) worldwide. Each year, about 3 million families worldwide will experience a stillbirth. This study has intended to model determinants of experiencing stillbirth among women in child bearing age group of Ethiopia using the Ethiopian demographic and health Survey data. Material and Methods: First, the bivariate chi-square test of association was fitted to the data and significant variables were considered for further investigation in binary logistic regression model. Lastly, the multilevel models were fitted. Results: This study revealed that the rate of experiencing stillbirth among women of child bearing age was about 25.5 per 1000 deliveries in Ethiopia. From binary logistic regression, region of residence, maternal age, place of residence, education level, parity, antenatal care utilization, place of delivery, body mass index (BMI) and anemia level were found to be significantly associated with experiencing stillbirth. From multilevel logistic regression, it was found that the random intercept model provided the best fit for the data under consideration. The variance of the random component related to the intercept term was found to be statistically significant implying differences in prevalence of experiencing stillbirth among the regions. And in this random intercept model, age group, type of place of residence, antenatal care visit and delivery place were found to be statistically significant factors for experiencing stillbirth among regions. Conclusion: Mothers should prefer and people who are around them should advise them to give birth at health centers than delivering at home. Especially older age women, above 35 years, should be more careful for difficulties that come with age, like hypertension and should visit antenatal care during pregnancy. Further studies should be conducted to identify other correlates of stillbirth that are not included and confirm the variables which are insignificant in this study because of many reasons and since regional variation are found significant spatial models can be applied to investigate spatial variations of experiencing stillbirth.Keywords: Stillbirth; antenatal care visit; multilevel logistic regression; Ethiopia ÖZET Amaç: Ölü doğum sıklıkla, hamileliğin 24. haftasından sonra yaşanan cenin ölümü olarak tanımlanmaktadır ancak hamilelik dönemlerinden 16, 20, 22, 24 veya 28 hafta ve 350 g, 400 g, 500 g veya 1000 g doğum kilosunun herhangi bir kombinasyonundan büyük olan cenin, yerel yas...
Background: Though optimal antenatal care (ANC4+) use is absolutely critical, only 43% of women had ANC4+ in Ethiopia and nearly 64% in Tigray in 2019. Furthermore, only 20% of women had their first ANC visit during their first trimester in 2016. However, there is no literature on area based disparity of ANC4+ use in Tigray. Therefore, this study is aimed to generate evidence for ANC4+ use using the Kilite-Awlaelo Health and Demographic Surveillance System (KA-HDSS) database. Methods: A population-based longitudinal study was employed on 5,414 women from 12 kebelles included in the KA-HDSS site of Tigray. A pregnancy database was used as a source of data. A Line graph was used to depict the trend of ANC4+ use. A stratified robust Poisson model was fitted to estimate the incidence rate ratio (IRR) for women from rural and urban areas separately. Results: The ANC4+ coverage was 36.3% (95% CI=35.0-37.6%) -34.2% in rural versus 52.8% urban areas, with an increasing linear trend. Single marital status (IRR=1.29; 95% CI=1.17-1.42); able to read and write (IRR=1.15; 95% CI=1.01-1.32); primary education (IRR=1.22; 95% CI=1.11-1.34); ANC follow-up (2015-2018) (IRR=1.42; 95% CI=1.23-1.64); previous pregnancy exposure (IRR=2.20; 95% CI=1.98-2.45); and having 6+ children (IRR=1.11; 95% CI=1.01-1.21) determined ANC4+ use for rural women. Marital status (Divorced/widowed/separated) (IRR=0.79; 95% CI=0.66-0.95); primary education (IRR=1.44; 95% CI=1.16-1.79); ANC follow-up (2015-2018) (IRR=2.00; 95% CI=1.59-2.50); previous pregnancy exposure (IRR=1.54; 95% CI=1.31-1.80); and having 6+ children (IRR=1.18; 95% CI=1.07-1.31) determined the ANC4+ use for urban women. Conclusion:The optimal ANC coverage is significantly low, with significant disparity by geographical area and increasing trend. However, further efforts have to be made to maximize the optimal use of ANC, particularly for women from rural areas.
Background: Job satisfaction is the most interesting field for many researchers to study work attitude in workers. Employee job satisfaction is fulfillment, gratification, and enjoyment that comes from work. The main objective of this study is to identify and analyze the determinant factors leading to academic staff’s satisfaction and turnover intention in the Amhara regional state universities.Methods: The study was conducted in seven Amhara regional state government universities. Cross-sectional stratified sampling design was used. The stratum is based on these seven universities in Amhara regional state. In this investigation, ordinal logistic regression model was used.Results: The study covers 620 respondents from September 2016 up to August, 2017. The sample staffs surveyed from UOG, BDU, Wollo, Debre-Birihan, Debre-Markos, Debre-Tabor and Welidiya University were 21.3%, 23.7%, 9.4%, 7.6%, 14.5%, 12.1% and 11.5%, respectively. From these total respondents, 34.4% were satisfied with their job. From the total sample staff surveyed in the study, 26.0% were dissatisfied. 9.2%, 29.8% and 0.6% of the respondents were very dissatisfied, neutral and very satisfied in their jobs, respectively. 38.5% of the respondents were very eager to leave their job areas.Conclusions: The independent variables sex, age, place of birth, employer University, job position, responsibility, advancement, salary, achievement, work condition, work itself and turnover have significant relation with an academic job satisfaction.
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