CI in patients with NMOSD may be not as common as in patients with MS. MS patients exhibited severe impairment, particularly on learning and memory tests, compared with NMOSD patients. Differential prevalence and patterns of CI between NMOSD and MS patients suggest that the two diseases have different mechanisms of brain injury.

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The DGM atrophy was less severe and more selectively distributed in NMOSD than in MS. Thalamic atrophy was associated with clinical disability, including CI, in both NMOSD and MS.

Our findings provide evidence of a pathway transmitting ipsiversive otolithic signals that bypass the oculomotor system at the medial side of the medial lemniscus, called the ipsilateral vestibulothalamic tract.

Using DTI, widespread occult damage was demonstrated in the NAWM of patients with NMOSD. However, the NAWM was less affected in patients with NMOSD than it was in patients with MS; specifically, the axonal injuries and diffusion abnormalities in the association fibers were more severe in patients with MS than they were in patients with NMOSD.

Widespread cortical thinning was observed in patients with NMOSD and MS, but the extent of cortical thinning was greater in patients with MS. The more severe cortical atrophy may contribute to memory impairment in patients with MS but not in those with NMOSD. These results provide in vivo evidence that the severity and clinical relevance of cortical thinning differ between NMOSD and MS.

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Objective: To determine whether amyloid and hypertensive cerebral small vessel disease (hCSVD) changes synergistically affect the progression of lobar microbleeds in patients with subcortical vascular mild cognitive impairment (svMCI).Methods: Among 72 patients with svMCI who underwent brain MRI and [11 C] Pittsburgh compound B (PiB)-PET, 52 (72.2%) completed the third year of follow-up. These patients were evaluated by annual neuropsychological testing, brain MRI, and follow-up PiB-PET.Results: Over 3 years, 31 of 52 patients (59.6%) had incident cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) in the lobar and deep regions. Both baseline and longitudinal changes in lacune numbers were associated with increased numbers of lobar and deep microbleeds, while baseline and longitudinal changes in PiB uptake ratio were associated only with the progression of lobar microbleeds, especially in the temporal, parietal, and occipital areas. Regional white matter hyperintensity severity was also associated with regional lobar CMBs in the parietal and occipital regions. There were interactive effects between baseline and longitudinal lacune number and PiB retention on lobar microbleed progression. Increased lobar, but not deep, CMBs were associated with decreased scores in the digit span backward task and Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Alzheimer disease (AD) and hypertensive cerebral small vessel disease (hCSVD) are major causes of cognitive impairment in the elderly.1,2 There is increasing evidence that AD pathologies and hCSVD coexist and interact in individuals with cognitive impairment.3 Recent amyloid PET studies suggested that approximately 30% of patients with extensive hCSVD also had amyloid lesions of the brain, showing a relationship between amyloid and hCSVD and their clinical relevance. 4,5 Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) have generated a great deal of interest, since they are thought to result from 2 key age-related small vessel pathologies, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and hCSVD, which may have different underlying causes and mechanisms. 6,7 The topography of