The Danish National Youth Study 2014 contributes to knowledge on adolescent health behaviour, health and well-being. It is unique in its size, diversity of questionnaire content, high participation rate and possibility of linkage to various national registers through the Danish Civil Registration System. The study offers great opportunities for health planning and a wide range of future research projects.
Objective This study aimed to test the hypotheses that individuals with obesity are at higher risk of unemployment and sickness absence and have a lower chance of getting employed compared with individuals with normal weight. Methods Data on weight and height were collected at baseline from 87,796 participants in the Danish National Health Survey 2010. Participants were then followed in national registers for 5 years. Outcome measures were transitions from employment to unemployment and sickness absence and the transitions from unemployment or sickness absence to employment. Data were analyzed by Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for potential confounders. Results Hazard ratios for unemployment were 1.18 (95% CI: 1.10‐1.26) for individuals with obesity and 1.27 (95% CI: 1.14‐1.41) for individuals with severe obesity compared with individuals with normal weight. Participants with obesity also had a higher risk of sickness absence. Additionally, participants with obesity who were unemployed at baseline had a lower chance of becoming employed compared with participants with normal weight. Conclusions Obesity was associated with a higher risk of unemployment and sickness absence compared with individuals with normal weight. Additionally, obesity was associated with a lower chance of employment.
Smokers who wish to quit may refrain from doing so if they expect to experience more stress after haven given up. We test if stress-related expectations about smoking cessation are associated with quit attempts and abstinence among smokers who are motivated to quit. The study included 1809 daily smokers in Denmark in 2011–2013. Stress-related expectations (do you think you will be more, less or equally stressed as a non-smoker?) were measured at baseline. Quit attempts, 30-day point prevalence abstinence and prolonged abstinence (defined as having been abstinent since baseline), were measured after 3, 8 and 14 months.We found that the association between expecting to be more stressed if giving up smoking differed between participants who had previously attempted to quit and those who had not: In participants who previously attempted to quit (47%), expecting to be more stressed was associated with significantly lower odds of abstinence compared to smokers who expected the same or a lower level of stress (odds ratios were 0.49 (95% CI: 0.31–0.79) for 30-day abstinence and was 0.28 (95% CI: 0.08–0.99) for prolonged abstinence). In participants who had not previously attempted to quit, expectations about stress were not associated with abstinence.Results indicate that expectations about stress in relation to smoking cessation are an important determinant of cessation in smokers who previously attempted to quit. Addressing stress and how to handle stressful situations may increase the likelihood of a successful quit attempt.
Aims: This study aimed to test the hypothesis that heavy alcohol consumption and problem drinking is associated with a higher risk of becoming unemployed and a lower chance of entering the job market across socioeconomic positions. Methods: A sample of 84,474 men and women aged 18–60 years from the Danish National Health Survey 2010 participated in the study. Information on alcohol consumption and problem drinking was obtained by questionnaire. The primary outcomes were becoming unemployed and entering the job market. The follow-up period was five years. Information on labour market transitions and socioeconomic position (educational level) was obtained through nationwide registers. Multiplicative analyses were performed. Results: Heavy alcohol consumption and problem drinking were associated with a higher risk of unemployment among low-educated (hazard ratio (HR)=1.5; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3–1.9) and medium-educated (HR=1.3; 95% CI 1.1–1.5) individuals in comparison to individuals with a similar educational level drinking one to seven drinks per week. Excessive alcohol consumption and problem drinking were associated with a lower chance of entering the job market for individuals with a medium or high level of education: medium-educated individuals drinking >28 drinks per week had a HR of 0.82 (95% CI 0.69–0.98) when compared to medium-educated individuals drinking one to seven drinks per week. The corresponding HR among high-educated individuals was 0.71 (95% CI 0.49–1.0). Conclusions: Heavy alcohol consumption and problem drinking are associated with a higher risk of unemployment in some social strata, whereas excessive alcohol consumption and problem drinking are associated with a lower chance of entering the job market in other social strata.
INTRODUCTION High rates of smoking among adolescents remain a public health concern. This study investigates smoking behavior and use of smokeless tobacco among Danish high-school students and assesses how smoking and use of smokeless tobacco cluster in schools and school classes. We estimate the trend in cigarette smoking from 1997 to 2014. METHODS We used data on 70 243 students, from 3 214 school classes in 119 high schools, who participated in the Danish National Youth Study from 2014. We had information on 87% of all Danish high schools and 85% of eligible students. We also used data from 1997 on 26 644 high-school students from a similar data set to assess the chronological trend in smoking. We calculated prevalences and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) to estimate between-school and between-school class clustering in smoking and use of smokeless tobacco. RESULTS In all, 14% of boys and 11% of girls were daily smokers. A large fraction of the variation in smoking and the use of smokeless tobacco was attributable to the school and school-class level (ICC of 0.19, 0.12, 0.16 and 0.27, for daily smoking, waterpipe smoking, use of electronic cigarettes and snuff/chewing tobacco, respectively). Daily smoking decreased from 15% in 1997 to 12% in 2014, while more students were occasional smokers in 2014 than in 1997 (30% vs 18%). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of smoking was high among Danish high-school students and had changed little since 1997. The school and class environment accounted for a large part of the variation in smoking behavior. INTRODUCTIONDespite the solid evidence of smoking's addictive properties and the comprehensive associated harms, high rates of smoking among adolescents remain a global public health concern. In 2015, 18 countries in western and central Europe had a smoking prevalence among girls, aged between 15 and 19 years, higher than 15%, and only three countries worldwide had significant decreases in adolescent smoking in the period from 2005 to 2015 1 . During the last decade, alternative smoke and smokeless products have become available and are being increasingly used; most popular are electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and waterpipe, and also smokeless products such as snuff and chewing tobacco [2][3][4][5] . While there is little doubt that these products in themselves are less dangerous than cigarettes 6,7 , they are not harmless and there is concern that their use is associated with an increased risk of smoking initiation 3,[8][9][10] . High school constitutes a time of transition characterized by physical, psychological and social changes during which environment and opinions of peers become increasingly important to young people while parents' influence declines [11][12][13] . The school is an important setting that influences young people as they spend a large part of their day interacting with the school environment and other students. Research
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