BackgroundIn this retrospective study, we measured the frequency of unexpected antibodies in the blood. Specific considerations for preoperative preparations were kept in mind for the patients undergoing surgery positive for these antibodies.MethodsAfter reviewing the results of antibody screening tests lasted for 2 years, the frequency of unexpected antibodies was determined. Surgical patients who were positive for unexpected antibodies were selected and divided into two groups based on their potential need for an intra-operative transfusion (groups with high versus low possibility of transfusion). Blood for the high possibility group was prepared before surgery. For the low possibility group for which preoperative blood preparation was not performed, cases of this group were reviewed whether a blood preparation was delayed or not in case of transfusion.ResultsAmong a total 22,463 cases, 340 (1.52%) had positive results for antibody screening tests. Among the 243 patients who were positive for unexpected antibodies, Lewis, Rh, Xga, and mixed antibodies were found in 85, 25, five, and eight cases, respectively. Out of 243 patients, 117 patients, specificities of the unexpected antibodies were not determined and 125 (51.4%) had a history of pregnancy and delivery, and 49 (20.2%) had a history of transfusion. In the low probability group, transfusions were administered for nine patients; transfusion was delayed for two patients due to difficulties with obtaining matched blood.ConclusionsPatients with unexpected blood antibodies may be at increased risk for delayed transfusion. For rapid transfusion, it might be helpful to keep a record about blood antibodies and introduce a notification system such as medical alert cards. Preoperative blood preparation is needed for timely intraoperative transfusion.
Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography is the first candidate for 16 nm half pitch devices and EUV pellicle is needed for mask defect control. In order to check the effect of the pellicle on the EUV patterning, aerial image simulation including the meshed pellicle is performed. We found that the overall transmission drop caused by the pellicle structure might change the line width even though the contrast of the aerial image remained almost the same. The aerial images of 16 nm line and space pattern with various pellicle structures are studied to see the effect of the meshed pellicle variables. Smaller mesh height and width, and larger mesh pitch of the pellicle support are preferred since transmission is better.
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