The microPET Focus 120 scanner is a third-generation animal PET scanner dedicated to rodent imaging. Here, we report the results of scanner performance testing. Methods: A 68 Ge point source was used to measure energy resolution, which was determined for each crystal and averaged. Spatial resolution was measured using a 22 Na point source with a nominal size of 0.25 mm at the system center and various off-center positions. Absolute sensitivity without attenuation was determined by extrapolating the data measured using an 18 F line source and multiple layers of absorbers. Scatter fraction and counting rate performance were measured using 2 different cylindric phantoms simulating rat and mouse bodies. Sensitivity, scatter fraction, and noise equivalent counting rate (NECR) experiments were repeated under 4 different conditions (energy window, 250;750 keV or 350;650 keV; coincidence window, 6 or 10 ns). A performance phantom with hot-rod inserts of various sizes was scanned, and several animal studies were also performed. Results: Energy resolution at a 511-keV photopeak was 18.3% on average. Radial, tangential, and axial resolution of images reconstructed with the Fourier rebinning (FORE) and filtered backprojection (FBP) algorithms were 1.18 (radial), 1.13 (tangential), and 1.45 mm full width at half maximum (FWHM) (axial) at center and 2.35 (radial), 1.66 (tangential), and 2.00 mm FWHM (axial) at a radial offset of 2 cm. Absolute sensitivities at transaxial and axial centers were 7.0% (250;750 keV, 10 ns), 6.7% (250;750 keV, 6 ns), 4.0% (350;650 keV, 10 ns), and 3.8% (350;650 keV, 6 ns). Scatter fractions were 15.9% (mouse phantom) and 35.0% (rat phantom) for 250;750 keV and 6 ns. Peak NECR was 869 kcps at 3,242 kBq/mL (mouse phantom) and 228 kcps at 290 kBq/mL (rat phantom) at 250;750 keV and 6 ns. Hot-rod inserts of 1.6-mm diameter were clearly identified, and animal studies illustrated the feasibility of this system for studies of whole rodents and mid-sized animal brains. Conclusion: The results of this independent field test showed the improved physical characteristics of the F120 scanner over the previous microPET series systems. This system will be useful for imaging studies on small rodents and brains of larger animals.Key Words: small-animal PET; performance measurement; instrumentation; molecular imaging; small-animal imaging PETi s a noninvasive, diagnostic imaging technique that produces functional or biochemical images of a body (1-4). Although PET is regarded as a powerful translational research tool between animal models and human clinical applications (5-8), clinical PET scanners used for human studies do not have satisfactory spatial resolution or sensitivity for studies of small animals, such as rats and mice (9-11). Because the linear dimensions of organs in these animals are 10 or more times smaller in each dimension than in human subjects, the spatial resolution of a suitable PET scanner must be similarly higher and the voxel size should also be reduced according to sampling theory (9,10). T...

Purpose: To evaluate the usefulness of 3 ¶-deoxy-3 ¶-[18 F]fluorothymidine (FLT)-positron emission tomography (PET) for predicting response and patient outcome of gefitinib therapy in patients with adenocarcinoma of the lung. Experimental Design: Nonsmokers with advanced or recurrent adenocarcinoma of the lung were eligible. FLT-PET images of the thorax were obtained before and 7 days after the start of gefitinib (250 mg/d) therapy, the maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) of primary tumors were measured, and the percent changes in SUVmax were calculated. After 6 weeks of therapy, the responses were assessed by computed tomography of the chest. Results: Among 31 patients who were enrolled, we analyzed 28 patients for whom we had complete data. Chest computed tomography revealed partial response in 14 (50%), stable disease in 4 (14%), and progressive disease in 10 (36%) after 6 weeks of treatment. Pretreatment SUVmax of the tumors did not differ between responders and nonresponders. At 7 days after the initiation of therapy, the percent changes in SUVmax were significantly different (-36.0 F 15.4% versus 10.1 F 19.5%; P < 0.001). Decrease of >10.9% in SUVmax was used as the criterion for predicting response. The positive and negative predictive values were both 92.9%. The time to progression was significantly longer in FLT-PET responders than nonresponders (median, 7.9 versus 1.2 months; P = 0.0041). Conclusion: FLT-PETcan predict response to gefitinib 7 days after treatment in nonsmokers with advanced adenocarcinoma of the lung.The change in tumor SUVmax obtained by FLT-PETseems to be a promising predictive variable.Morphologic imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) have been standard methods for assessing tumor response to treatment. Changes in size, however, are often delayed; hence, morphologic imaging is usually repeated after at least 6 weeks of therapy. This causes difficulties in assessing the early treatment response and hinders rapid decisions by clinicians regarding a change in therapy for nonresponders. Moreover, in the case of cytostatic agents, tumors may not regress radiologically despite effective treatment. These limitations could be overcome by using functional imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET), because metabolic and physiologic changes in the tumor are likely to precede changes in size (1). The most widely used PET tracer is [18 F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), which reflects cell metabolism. However, FDG is not highly tumor specific and is also taken up by inflammatory cells such as macrophages (2).Recently, 3 ¶-deoxy-3 ¶-[ 18 F]fluorothymidine (FLT) was introduced as a PET tracer for imaging tumor proliferation. FLT is phosphorylated by thymidine kinase 1, the key enzyme of the salvage pathway of DNA synthesis, and then trapped in the cell with little further metabolism (3). Thymidine kinase 1 is selectively up-regulated during the S phase of the cell cycle (4). Therefore, FLT uptake is dependent on cell proliferation. In lung tumors, FLT up...

SUMMARYPurpose: The metabolic and biochemical changes that occur during epileptogenesis remain to be determined. 18 F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H MRS) are noninvasive techniques that provide indirect information on ongoing pathologic changes. We, therefore, utilized these methods to assess changes in glucose metabolism and metabolites in the rat lithium-pilocarpine model of epilepsy as markers of epileptogenesis from baseline to chronic spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS). Methods: PET and MRS were performed at baseline, and during the acute, subacute, silent, and chronic periods after lithium-pilocarpine induced status epilepticus (SE). Sequential changes in glucose metabolism on 18 F-FDG PET using SPM2 and the ratios of percent injected dose per gram (%ID)/g of regions of interest (ROIs) in the bilateral amygdala, hippocampus, basal ganglia with the thalamus, cortex, and hypothalamus normalized to the pons were determined. Voxels of interest (VOIs) on 1 H MRS were obtained at the right hippocampus and the basal ganglia. NAA/Cr levels and Cho/Cr at various time points were compared to baseline values. Key Findings: Of 81 male Sprague-Dawley rats, 30 progressed to SRS.18 F-FDG PET showed widespread global hypometabolism during the acute period, returning to baseline level during the subacute period. Glucose metabolism, however, declined in part of the hippocampus during the silent period, with the hypometabolic area progressively expanding to the entire limbic area during the chronic period. 1 H MRS showed that the NAA/Cr levels in the hippocampus and basal ganglia were reduced during the acute period and were not restored subsequently from the subacute to the chronic period without any significant change in the Cho/Cr ratio throughout the entire experiment. Significance: Serial metabolic and biochemical changes in the lithium-pilocarpine model of epilepsy indirectly represent the process of human epileptogenesis. Following initial irreversible neural damage by SE, global glucose metabolism transiently recovered during the subacute period without neuronal recovery. Progressive glucose hypometabolism in the limbic area during the silent and chronic periods may reflect the important role of the hippocampus in the formation of ongoing epileptic network during epileptogenesis.

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In recent years, stress analysis by using electro-encephalography (EEG) signals incorporating machine learning techniques has emerged as an important area of research. EEG signals are one of the most important means of indirectly measuring the state of the brain. The existing stress algorithms lack efficient feature selection techniques to improve the performance of a subsequent classifier. In this paper, genetic algorithm (GA)-based feature selection and k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) classifier are used to identify stress in human beings by analyzing electro-encephalography (EEG) signals. GA is incorporated in the stress analysis pipeline to effectively select subset of features that are suitable to enhance the performance of the k-NN classifier. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated using the Database for Emotion Analysis using Physiological Signals (DEAP), which is a public EEG dataset. A feature set is extracted in 32 EEG channels, which consists of statistical features, Hjorth parameters, band power, and frontal alpha asymmetry. The selected features through GA are used as input to the k-NN classifier to distinguish whether each EEG datapoint represents a stress state. To further consolidate, the effectiveness of the proposed method is compared with that of a state-of-the-art principle component analysis (PCA) method. Experimental results show that the proposed GA-based method outperforms PCA, with GA demonstrating 71.76% classification accuracy compared with 65.3% for PCA. Thus, it can be concluded that the proposed method can be effectively used for stress analysis with high classification accuracy.

Our finding that tumor uptake of FLT was reduced at 24 h after radiation treatment suggests that FLT PET may be a promising imaging modality for monitoring the early effects of radiation therapy.

Experimental results indicate that a compact and lightweight PET insert for hybrid PET/MRI can be developed using GAPD arrays and charge signal transmission method proposed in this study without significant interference.

Pure akinesia with gait freezing (PAGF) has characteristic features, including freezing of gait and prominent speech disturbance without rigidity or tremor. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in brain glucose metabolism and presynaptic dopaminergic function in PAGF. By using [(18)F] fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET, 11 patients with PAGF were compared with 14 patients with probable progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), 13 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), and 11 normal controls. [(18)F] N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2beta-carbon ethoxy-3beta-(4-iodophenyl) nortropane (FP-CIT) PET was performed in 11 patients with PAGF and with 10 normal controls. The PAGF patients showed decreased glucose metabolism in the midbrain when compared with normal controls. PSP patients showed a similar topographic distribution of glucose hypometabolism with additional areas, including the frontal cortex, when compared with normal controls. The FP-CIT PET findings in patients with PAGF revealed severely decreased uptake bilaterally in the basal ganglia. These findings suggest that both PAGF and PSP may be part of the same pathophysiologic spectrum of disease. However, the reason why PAGF manifests clinically in a different manner needs to be further elucidated.