Hikeshi mediates the heat stress‐induced nuclear import of heat‐shock protein 70 (HSP70s: HSP70/HSC70). Dysfunction of Hikeshi causes some serious effects in humans; however, the cellular function of Hikeshi is largely unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of Hikeshi depletion on the survival of human cells after proteotoxic stress and found opposite effects in HeLa and hTERT‐RPE1 (RPE) cells; depletion of Hikeshi reduced the survival of HeLa cells, but increased the survival of RPE cells in response to proteotoxic stress. Hikeshi depletion sustained heat‐shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) activation in HeLa cells after recovery from stress, but introduction of a nuclear localization signal‐tagged HSC70 in Hikeshi‐depleted HeLa cells down‐regulated HSF1 activity. In RPE cells, the HSF1 was efficiently activated, but the activated HSF1 was not sustained after recovery from stress, as in HeLa cells. Additionally, we found that p53 and subsequent up‐regulation of p21 were higher in the Hikeshi‐depleted RPE cells than in the wild‐type cells. Our results indicate that depletion of Hikeshi renders HeLa cells proteotoxic stress‐sensitive through the abrogation of the nuclear function of HSP70s required for HSF1 regulation. Moreover, Hikeshi depletion up‐regulates p21 in RPE cells, which could be a cause of its proteotoxic stress resistant.
This study compared the predatory potential of nymphs of two dragonfly species viz. Crocothemis servilia (Drury, 1773) and Rhyothemis variegata (Linnaeus, 1763) using the different larval instars and pupae of Cx. quinquefasciatus (Say, 1823) as preys in normal laboratory settings. Field-collected fed and 24 h starved nymphs of C. servilia and R. variegata were offered 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar larvae and pupae of Cx. quinquefasciatus to monitor the rate of predation. A 24 h starved nymph of C. servilia showed the highest predation on the 2nd instar larvae (92.00±4.06%) followed by the 3rd (83.00±5.61%), 4th (80±6.89%) and 1st (76.00±4.85%) instar larvae and the pupae (26.00±2.91), respectively, whereas, that of R. variegata exhibited the highest consumption of the 1st instar larvae (90.00±3.54 %) followed by the 2nd (88.00±5.61 %), 3rd (82.00±3.74 %), 4th (70.00±7.91 %) larval instar and the pupae (23.00±4.63), respectively within 24 h exposure. In the same period, the fed nymphs of C. servilia showed maximum consumption of the 2nd instar larvae (77.00±3.54%) followed by the 3rd (76.00±4.58%), 4th (64.00±4.00%) and 1st instar (55.00±3.53%) larvae and the pupae (24.00±3.67), respectively, whereas, that of R. variegata exhibited highest consumption of the 1st instar larvae (67.00±5.38 %) followed by the 2nd (65.00±10.12 %), 3rd (58.00±8.46 %) and 4th (53.00±4.06 %) instar larvae and the pupae (21.00±2.92), respectively. The rate of predation was significant on all the larval instars and the pupae compared to their control counterparts (p<0.05) and the starved larvae and nymphs of both the dragonfly species showed higher predation compared to the fed nymphs. The aforementioned findings suggest that nymphs of both of the dragonfly species exhibited considerable predation potential against the immature stages of the Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquito. The present study recommends assessing the feasibility of using these species in large-scale mosquito control programs.
The present research was conducted to assess the mosquito larvicidal potential of selected medicinal plants using an effective but simple method. Aqueous extracts of roots of three selected medicinal plants viz. Derris scandens, Rubia cordifolia and Saussurea lappa were evaluated for their mosquito larvicidal potential against the 3rd instar larvae of C. quinquefasciatus Say (1823) under laboratory settings. Aqueous extracts of these plants at seven different concentrations (1, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 300 ppm) exhibited considerable mortality of the 3rd instar larvae after 24 and 48 h exposure. Among the plants, D. scandens root extract exhibited the highest toxicity inducing 100% larval mortality after 24 h exposure at 250 ppm concentration, followed by the root extracts of R. cordifolia and S. lappa inducing 98.4% and 87.8% larval mortality, respectively. Overall, extracts of all the plants exhibited a strong positive correlation between the concentration of extracts and larval mortality (p˂0.001) with a correlation coefficient of more than 0.90. The LC50 and LC90 values after 24 h contact demonstrated D. scandens as the most toxic with the lowest LC50 and LC90 values (LC50=78.20 ppm, LC90=147.33 ppm) followed by R. cordifolia (LC50= 89.32 ppm, LC90=204.09 ppm) and S. lappa (LC50=112.29 ppm, LC90=248.72 ppm), respectively. Our results clearly indicated that all the plants' aqueous extracts showed considerable larvicidal potential against the 3rd instar larvae of C. quinquefasciatus. To conclude, the application of aqueous extracts from these plants to larval habitats may efficiently control C. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes, hence, can be recommended as a potential alternative to chemical insecticides against these vectors. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2022, 8 (4), 187-193
Hikeshi is a protein that mediates the heat stress-induced nuclear import of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70: HSPA1 and HSPA8). Dysfunction of Hikeshi in humans can cause serious hereditary diseases, but the cellular function of Hikeshi is not fully understood. Previously, we reported that depletion of Hikeshi
Nitrogen (N) fertilization reduces worldwide food insecurity by boosting crop yield and stability. N is one of the most essential macromolecules required for the growth and reproduction of plants. It occurs in diverse chemical forms and circulates in natural and agricultural ecosystems. It is a constituent of chlorophyll, hence is required for the photosynthesis of plants. Plants receive N through their roots in the form of ammonia or nitrate. Nutritional quality and defense of plants that have a direct impact on herbivorous insects are altered by N fertilization and herbivorous insects can differentiate between plants that receive different applications of N fertilizer. Increasing N fertilization has a variable impact on plant species composition, plant growth, plant biomass, and yields. Plant tissue N and protein contents are also affected by nitrogen fertilization. Moreover, nitrogen fertilization affects many aspects of insects such as population dynamics, larval count, larval weight, feeding choice, and oviposition preference. Furthermore, predatory insect abundance, parasitization performance, and development of parasitoids on host insects are negatively affected by N fertilization. Other important effects of N fertilization are the hemolymph protein profile of herbivores, emission of VOCs, phytohormone biosynthesis, and direct and indirect defense of plants. The aim of this literature research is to demonstrate the effects of variable doses of N fertilization on the crop-herbivore-natural enemy tri-trophic systems. The information gathered in this review might help researchers understand the impact of optimal and excessive N fertilization on crop production and food security. Asian Australas. J. Food Saf. Secur. 2022, 6 (2), 48-56
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