Nusantara mengalami titik balik dalam aktivitas niaga maritim ketika memasuki akhir abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20. abad ke-19 M. Jejaring Niaga yang telah terbentuk mengalami peningkatan dengan munculnya bandar-bandar niaga kecil di beberapa daerah strategis. Kawasan niaga strategis tersebut dimanfaatkan dengan baik oleh para pedagang khusunya sekitar tahun 1899-1919 M, termasuk para pelaku pelaut-peniaga dari kalangan etnis Arab. Mereka tidak hanya berperan sebagai pendakwah, namun juga aktif sebagai peniaga yang membawa berbagai macam komoditas. Di Karesidenan Manado, para peniaga Etnis Arab memili peran penting dalam perpindahan komoditas, terutama beras, kopi, dan kopra, hingga hasil bumi di antara tahun 1899-1919. Pada tahun 1899 mereka aktif sebagai pedagang perantara dan penyedia komoditas bagi para pedagang Cina dan Eropa. Pada tahun 1919, menjadi titik balik dalam proses modernisasi pelabuhan di Karesidenan Manado. Pada masa itu peran pedagang Etnis Arab tidak lagi berpengaruh besar dalam proses dan poros niaga maritim. Sebagian di antara mereka berpindah ke daerah daratan dengan membangun lembaga pendidikan untuk mempertahankan keberadaan mereka di Karesidenan Manado. Sebagian lainnya menjadi pedagang daratan dengan membuka toko kecil yang menyediakan kebutuhan sehari-hari. Tulisan ini menggunakan metode sejarah untuk menunjukkan peran Etnis Arab dalam aktivitas jejaring niaga di Karesidenan Manado. komunitas Arab yang masih bertahan sampai sekarang. Para pedagang Etnis Arab Diaspora etnis berperan penting untuk perkembangan Karesidenan Manado yang menjadi wilayah strategis dalam lalu lintas perniagaan di Nusantara sampai paruh pertama abad ke-20. Mereka tidak hanya dikenal sebagai pedagang aktif, namun juga sebagai etnis yang berpepran dalam membangun modernisasi pelabuhan. Para pedagang Etnis Arab mengalami perubahan orientasi aktivitas perekonomian tidak lagi berpusat pada daerah pesisir, namun ke daratan sebagai penyedia modal dan memberikan pinjaman kepada penduduk pribumi. Puncak dari aktivitas Etnis Arab dalam jejaring niaga di Karesidenan Manado ketika orientasi pasar tidak lagi menguntungkan, dan mengalihkan pada dunia pendidikan.
This paper offers a different perspective of analysis on the study of Islamic theological groups (al-firqah al-kalāmiyyah) in the classical era. This study is intended to give a better understanding of the context underlying the emergence of each group and their contribution in the Islamic history. Therefore, these theological groups can be studied more fairly and placed as part of the process of forming Islamic civilization. In that account, the historical method is employed in this research along with the social approach, helping the analysis, particularly related to the concept of group interactions. These are several findings obtained from the study: (1) that the emergence of Islamic theological groups always refers to one or both of: political matters and the development of Islamic thought motivated by various backgrounds; (2) that the forms of interaction between theological groups are never single; (3) that each theological group has its own role in the history of Islamic civilization
The phenomenon of Sufism in the tariqa movements played a significant role in Islamic reform and the growth of nationalism in North Africa from the 19th to 20th centuries. This phenomenon which started as a neo-Sufism for Islamic reform, gradually turned into a nationalist movement. Therefore, Sufism is assumed to be a part of Islam that occupies the basic component of national identity and is a symbol of the struggle for independence of Muslim countries in North Africa. This study aims to discuss "the role and influence of Sufism for the revival of Islam, resistance to Western colonialism, the role of Islamic reform, and the process of nationalism and independence of Muslim countries in North Africa." These problems are analyzed based on historical, social, and political approaches related to issues of modern civilization in the Islamic world. This research concludes that, firstly the Sufism movement in the modern period in North Africa is developed in tariqa schools located in Idrisiyah, Sanusiyah, Khatmiyah, Tijaniyah, Qadiriyah, and Sammaniyah. Furthermore, the Sufism movement always shows the intertwined elements of teachings and rituals as well as the influences of social and political developments. Secondly, the teachings of the tariqa are able to increase religious awareness by fulfilling spirituality and improving people's morality, thereby developing, modifying, and actualizing leadership associated with Sufis. Thirdly, Sufism shows a very significant social force regarding the growth of nationalism in North Africa, which is used as the basis for their participation in the socio-political field, with various forms of protest or resistance. In collaboration with religious and community leaders, the leadership of the Sufis has also succeeded in bringing about the independence of national countries such as Tunisia, Libya, Algeria, Morocco, and Sudan since the mid-20th century. During that time, many Sufists occupied important positions in government.
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