Background:Recent studies have shown that BMSCs have a putative ability to promote neurogenesis and produce behavioral and functional improvement. Our previous study demonstrated that co-treatment of G-CSF and BMSCs have beneficial effects on Parkinson's models. The main purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of these two factors on oxidative stress factors in the brain of Parkinson's rat. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats (weighing 200-250 g) were used and randomly divided into five groups of seven each. To create the Parkinson's model, 6-OHDA was injected into the left SNpc. The BMSCs (2 × 10 6 ) and G-CSF (75 µg/kg) were used for treatment after creating the PD model. After four weeks, the brains of rats were removed and processed for immunohistochemical studies, such as TH-positive neurons as well as analysis of oxidative stress factors. Results:The results showed that the injected BMSCs could cross the BBB. The injected cells are also able to settle in different areas of the brain. Analyses of the brain oxidative stress factors showed that G-CSF and BMSCs reduced the expression of MDA and induced the activity of SOD, GSH-Px, and FRAP. Conclusion: Co-administration of G-CSF and BMSCs reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and induced the activity of antioxidant enzymes; however, neurogenesis increased in the brain.
Gliomas make up virtually 80% of all lethal primary brain tumors and are categorized based on their cell of origin. Glioblastoma is an astrocytic tumor that has an inferior prognosis despite the ongoing advances in treatment modalities. One of the main reasons for this shortcoming is the presence of the blood-brain barrier and blood-brain tumor barrier. Novel invasive and non-invasive drug delivery strategies for glioblastoma have been developed to overcome both the intact blood-brain barrier and leverage the disrupted nature of the blood-brain tumor barrier to target cancer cells after resection—the first treatment stage of glioblastoma. Exosomes are among non-invasive drug delivery methods and have emerged as a natural drug delivery vehicle with high biological barrier penetrability. There are various exosome isolation methods from different origins, and the intended use of the exosomes and starting materials defines the choice of isolation technique. In the present review, we have given an overview of the structure of the blood-brain barrier and its disruption in glioblastoma. This review provided a comprehensive insight into novel passive and active drug delivery techniques to overcome the blood-brain barrier, emphasizing exosomes as an excellent emerging drug, gene, and effective molecule delivery vehicle used in glioblastoma therapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12035-023-03365-0.
Anthropometry is a scientific study of linear dimensions and angles of living subjects. Knowing the details and anthropometric properties of nasofacial for each specific ethnic group is important for cosmetic operation as well as identifying individuals. In this study, facial and nasal anthropometric factors were studied in students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. In a cross-sectional study, 200 students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (100 male and 100 female and age range of 18-30 years) were selected. Nasal width (NW), nasal length (NL), nasal height (NH), face height (FH) and face width (FW) were measured in and the nasal (NI) and facial index (FI) were calculated for each case. Then, the data were analyzed using SPSS-22. The mean age was 21.84 ± 3.18 years. There were significant differences in the facial and nasal measurements including FH (P = 0.0001), FW (P = 0.0001), FI (P = 0.0001), NL (P = 0.002), NH (P = 0.001), NW (P = 0.0001) and NI (P = 0.0001) of sex groups. The most common types of face were mesoprosopic (36%) and hyperleptoprosopic (38%) types and and platyrrhine (63%) were mostly frequent. Based on the findings, all students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences had mesoprosopic (36%) and hyperleptoprosopic (38%) types of face and platyrrhine type of nose. As well, a sexual dimorphism was recorded according to the nasofacial measurements in Iranian population that should be considered in the cosmetic operations. Sexual dimorphism and differences between different populations were recorded.
Background Busulfan is an antineoplastic medication that is broadly utilized for cancer treatment. It affects the testicular function and leads to sterility. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of ellagic acid on testicular tissue changes, sexual hormones, antioxidant defense system, and caspase-9 and Bcl2 gene expression in the busulfan-induced relative sterile rat model. Methods This is an interventional-experimental animal study that was performed on 65 Adult male rats; they were randomly divided into five groups including control (1 ml of 0.9% normal saline), ellagic acid (50 mg/kg); busulfan (10 mg/kg); and busulfan plus ellagic acid (10 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg). At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected, and plasma levels of sex hormones, antioxidant system, apoptosis-related genes, and testis histology were assessed. Results Busulfan reduced the levels of serum testosterone, total antioxidant capacity, gene expression of Bcl2, testicular volume, seminiferous tubule, germinal epithelium, interstitial tissue volume, and the number of spermatogonia, spermatocyte, round spermatid, elongated spermatid, Sertoli cells and Leydig cells (p < 0.05). Busulfan administration resulted in a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the level of LH, FSH, malondialdehyde, and caspase 9. Busulfan + ellagic acid (50 mg/kg) showed higher serum levels of testosterone, gene expression of Bcl-2 and antioxidant markers, and lower LH, FSH levels, and gene expression of caspase 9 compared to the Busulfan-treated rats (p < 0.05). Stereological parameters were also ameliorated in the group treated with Busulfan+ 50 mg/kg ellagic acid (p < 0.05). Conclusion In conclusion, the consumption of ellagic acid may have beneficial effects on the antioxidant defense system, sexual hormone abnormality, and testicular tissue damage induced by busulfan.
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