IntroductionAdult-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is defined as a chronic hyperglycemic state, characterized by insulin resistance and declining islet B-cell function, eventually leading to islet B-cell function failure. The present study evaluated the association of T2DM with the type of blood group. MethodologyA case-control study was conducted from April 2020 to September 2021 in Karachi, Pakistan. An electronic questionnaire was used to determine if there is an association between ABO blood groups and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Our study involved two groups with an equal number of participants. The patient group contained participants who had been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, whereas the control group contained participants who had never been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Information was collected through a self-administered electronic questionnaire which was circulated through social media. ResultsThe mean ± SD age was reported to be 25.98 ± 12 years. The study found a significant association between blood group B and type 2 diabetes mellitus (p=0.006), whereas a negative association was seen between the blood group O and type 2 diabetes mellitus (p=0.001). It should be noted, however, no significant association was found between the blood groups A and AB and type 2 diabetes mellitus (p>0.05). ConclusionThe results of this study indicate that there is an association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and the ABO blood group system; a significant association was found between blood group B and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Nevertheless, we recommend regular screening for T2DM in individuals with a high-risk profile. Those at risk can adopt measures that are beneficial for them in the long run such as dietary control and physical exercise. Further studies using explorative techniques with a diversified population are recommended.
IntroductionElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a functional treatment for a significant mental illness that involves a momentary application of electrical stimulation to induce generalized seizures. The use of right unilateral (RUL) and bilateral (BL) ECT has been controversial. Thus, the study aimed at comparing the effectiveness of RUL ECT and BL ECT in treating depression. MethodologyA longitudinal study was conducted between September 2016 and January 2021 at a tertiary care hospital in Sindh, Pakistan. All patients over the age of 18 with clinically diagnosed depression in the last month were included in the study. Baseline depression scores and post-treatment scores were determined using Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). All patients were assigned to each treatment group. Group A was administered right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy, while group B was administered bilateral electroconvulsive therapy. Adverse effects were documented right after treatment, at four hours, and then one day after therapy. Depression severity was determined after each ECT session using the HDRS scale. Electroconvulsive therapy was discontinued when an HDRS score of 10 was achieved. ResultsThe mean HDRS score at baseline in the bilateral ECT group was 24.99 ± 3.938, which lowered to 17.56 ± 2.65 by the 3rd session, 12.45 ± 3.76 by the 6th session, and to 11.86 ± 2.3 by the end of treatment (p<0.0001). Similarly, the right unilateral ECT was equally effective in improving the depressive symptoms (p<0.0001). There was no significant difference between the efficacy of bilateral and unilateral placements of electrodes in electroconvulsive therapy (p=0.116).
Introduction: Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) is a simple, validated, and readily acceptable method of determining the risk of mortality from comorbid disease. It has been used as a predictor of long-term survival and prognosis. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of CCI score on mortality in COVID-19 hospitalized patients and test the efficacy of the CoLACD score (COVID-19 lymphocyte ratio, age, CCI score, dyspnoea) in predicting mortality among hospitalized COVID-19 patients.Methodology: It was a retrospective cohort, and the data of this study were gathered from two tertiary hospitals of Karachi, including Liaquat National Hospital and Ziauddin Hospital. Data of patients hospitalized in any of these tertiary care hospitals and diagnosed with confirmed COVID-19 infection were used in the study from January 15, 2021, to April 30, 2021.Results: The mean age of participants was 53.22 (±14.21) years. The majority of participants were males (74.91%). Predictors of mortality include CCI score, age of participants, D-dimer, smoking status, and shortness of breath. The sensitivity of this CoLACD score was 80.23%, and specificity was 50.23% (diagnostic accuracy is 60.45%). The negative predictive value (NPV) of this test was 39.44%, and the positive predictive value (PPV) was 83.01%. Conclusion:Our study showed that CCI can be used in a clinical setting to achieve a prediction of mortality in COVID-19 patients.
This article has been retracted due to the unknown origin of the data, lack of verified IRB approval, and purchased authorships. The primary author, Rahil Barkat, was involved in data theft and misuse in two recently published Cureus articles, which have since been retracted.
Background: The aim of this study is to assess the correlation and agreement between venous blood gas (VBG) values and arterial blood gas (ABG) values in patients presented in the emergency department of the Indus Hospital, Karachi. This study also included the evaluation of specificity and sensitivity of VBGs values for the identification of abnormal ABG values.
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