Drop size, as indicated by the volume median diameter (VMD), and size uniformity, noted by the relative span (RS), were correlated with (1) viscosity, (2) surface tension, (3) viscoelasticity, and also (4) liquid throughput. Two types of nozzles were used, simple orifices or jets and hollow cones. The density of the mixtures did not vary greatly and no correlations were made with this function. Increased liquid throughput (increased orifice diameter) showed significant effects on drop size, increasing the VMD as the orifice size increased for all nozzles and mixtures tested. Of the liquid properties, viscoelasticity had the greatest effect, increasing drop size as it was increased. Increasing the surface tension increased drop size significantly, but changes in viscosity appeared to have little effect on the drop size produced. The RS was reduced (narrow range) as surface tension, viscosity, and viscoelasticity were increased. Increased throughput reduced RS at two surface tension levels, but when the viscoelastic polymer was used, the increased throughput actually increased the RS for the nozzles tested. The atomization process is very complex and the study using kromkote paper collection cards could have benefited significantly if the new Particle Measuring Systems Co. (PMS) in situ system had been available. Nonetheless, the data have considerable relevance to pesticide spray atomization. Further advances will be made as the PMS or similar scanners become more widely available.
Polymer composites are recently introduced as flexible candidates for modern electronic devices. Transition metals oxides incorporated PVDF polymer composite thin films were successfully synthesized and investigated for an optical response. The effect of ZnO and NiO nanoparticles as PVDF fillers is studied in this work. Experimentally pure and doped PVDF uniform and evenly distributed thin films were synthesized by sol-gel based spin coating method. Structural studies were carried out with X-ray diffraction analysis which reveals the sharp traces of ZnO and NiO and endorses the presence of crystalline fillers in PVDF polymer composite thin films. The Field emission scanning electron microscope was used to examine the surface morphology of prepared thin films containing a smooth, uniform distribution and compact polymer traces. Refractive index, extinction, absorption coefficient, reflectivity, optical conductivity and real epsilon were extracted using spectroscopic ellipsometry. Enhanced response of optical parameters was observed in nanoparticles containing PVDF polymer composites. The absorption coefficient seems to increase with the increment of nano-filler contents, which makes these materials suitable for photovoltaic applications. The maxima of the refractive index were recorded as 1.6 for pure PVDF and 2.1 for maximum nano-filler content with an incredible shift to higher energy values. The optical conductivity was observed to increase with the incorporation of nanoparticles in PVDF. The maximum values of real epsilon were recorded as 2.3 for pure PVDF and 3.9 for the highest nano-filler containing composition. The increasing trend of real epsilon in nano-fillers containing compositions is attributed to the enhanced polarization and storage capability of these composites. The outcomes of this work are considered that ZnO-PVDF-NiO advanced polymer composites are promising candidates for enhanced modern electronic devices.
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