The study aimed to examine the prevalence and genetic characteristics of ESBL-production and colistin resistance in Salmonella and Escherichia coli from pigs and pork in the border area among Thailand, Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Myanmar. Salmonella (n = 463) and E. coli (n = 767) isolates were collected from pig rectal swab from slaughterhouses (n = 441) and pork from retail markets (n = 368) during October 2017 and March 2018. All were determined for susceptibility to colistin and cephalosporins, ESBL production and mcr and ESBL genes. Salmonella was predominantly found in Cambodia (65.8%). Serovars Rissen (35.6%) and Anatum (15.3%) were the most common. The E. coli prevalence in pork was above 91% in all countries. Colistin-resistance rate in E. coli (10.4%) was significantly higher than Salmonella (2.6%). ESBL-producing Salmonella (1.9%) and E. coli (6.3%) were detected. The blaCTX-M-55 and blaCTX-M-14 were identified. The mcr-1 gene was detected in Salmonella (n = 12) and E. coli (n = 68). The mcr-1/blaCTX-M-55 and mcr-3/blaCTX-M-55 co-concurrence was observed in one Salmonella and three E. coli isolates, respectively. In conclusion, pigs and pork serve as carriers of colistin and new generation cephalosporins resistance. Testing for resistance to last line antibiotics should be included in national AMR surveillance program using One Health approach.

A total of 344 commensal Escherichia coli isolates from clinically healthy pigs were examined for antimicrobial resistance phenotypes, class 1 integrons, resistance genes, virulence gene profile, and phylogenetic groups. The majority of E. coli isolates were resistant to tetracycline (96.2%) and ampicillin (91.6%). Up to 98% were multidrug resistant. Seventy-three percent of the isolates carried class 1 integrons. Inserted-gene cassette arrays in variable regions included incomplete sat, aadA22, aadA1, dfrA12-aadA2, and sat-psp-aadA2, of which the aadA2 gene cassette was most prevalent (42.9%). Horizontal transfer was detected in eight E. coli isolates carrying class 1 integrons with dfrA12-aadA2 gene cassette array. Sixteen resistance genes were identified among the E. coli isolates with corresponding resistance phenotype. Ten virulence genes (including elt, estA, estB, astA, faeG, fasA, fedA, eaeA, paa, and sepA) were detected, of which fasA was most commonly found (98.3%). Most of the E. coli isolates belonged to phylogenetic group B1. Significantly positive associations were observed between some virulence genes and some resistance phenotypes and genotypes (p < 0.05). The results support a finding that commensal E. coli have a role as reservoirs for antimicrobial resistance-encoding genes and virulence determinants.

Extended-spectrum &beta;-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli is a serious-global public health issue. A total of 292 E. coli isolates obtained from fecal samples of pigs in Central (n = 103) and Northeastern (n = 189) provinces of Thailand were included in this study. Eighty-six E. coli isolates were phenotypically confirmed to be &beta;-lactamase producers (29.5%) and screened for the presence of &beta;-lactamase genes. The genes in CTX-M family was most frequently found (90.7%). The blaCTX-M-15 gene (59.3%) was predominantly identified CTX-M genotype, followed by blaCTX-M-14 (31.4%) and blaCTX-M-4 (25.6%). The blaTEM-1 gene was prevalent (75.6%). The blaCTX-M-4 and blaCTX-M-14 genes were located on conjugative plasmid. The results highlight healthy pigs as reservoirs of ESBL-producing E. coli carrying ESBL genes that could be horizontally transferred.

SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) is powerful to analyze business and marketing data. This paper intends to support business and marketing leaders the benefits of data analyzing with applied SPSS. It showed the data analysis of job satisfactions on years of experience. As SPSS's background algorithms, it showed the cross tabulation algorithm for cross tabulation table and Pearson chi-square algorithm for data significant. And then Sample data 'demo.sav' was downloaded from Google and was analyzed and viewed. It used IBM SPSS statistics version 23 and PYTHON version 3.7.

The aim of this study was to compare the feed intake and growth performance of young Pyar Sein bulls fed on rice straw with two commercial concentrates. The twelve Pyar Sein bulls were grouped into two treatments, treatment 1 was supplemented with commercial concentrate 1 and treatment 2 was commercial concentrate 2. All grouped bulls were given the same quality of rice straw (RS). Both commercial concentrates were offered on a dry matter basis of 1% live body weight (BW) of bull per day to each group. No significant differences were found between the treatment groups for average body weight gain, average daily gain (ADG), average dry matter intake of RS, average total dry matter intake and average feed conversion efficiency. Structural growths of wither height and rump height of young bulls were not significantly differed between the two commercial concentrates. The two commercial concentrates could be applied in local Pyar Sein bulls fed rice straw without showing different efficiencies in terms of dry matter intake, daily weight gain, feed conversion efficiency and structural growth of body parts.