In continuous cereal-based crop rotation, inappropriate residue management such as burning and removing may deteriorate soil properties and crop productivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different tillage systems (TSs), nitrogen fertilization, and maize (Zea mays L.) stubble management (SM) on subsequent wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop and soil properties. The experiment consisted of three TSs, i.e., shallowing with rotavator (0-10 cm), conventional (0-20 cm), and deep tillage (0-30 cm) as main plots, whereas the subplots were SM (removal, burning, or incorporation) with or without 120 kg N ha −1 as urea. The treatments were laid out in a split-plot fashion with whole-plot factor in a randomized complete block design. Shallow tillage (ST) increased wheat yield and soil moisture retention, soil mineral N, total N, and organic carbon. Similarly, stubble incorporation with N fertilization enhanced grain yield and soil properties as compared with the stubble removed or burning treatments. Synergetic effects were noted between ST and residue incorporation with N fertilization for grain yield and soil N response. We conclude that in a cereal-based cropping system, ST and maize stubble incorporation accompanied by N fertilization can improve soil properties and productivity of subsequent wheat crop in existing soil conditions.
A half-diallel mating system was used to evaluate six wheat cultivars and their F 1 and F 2 populations for inheritance of earliness and morphological and yield traits. These genotypes were crossed in a half-diallel fashion during 2010-2011 to get 15 cross combinations. The 6 × 6 wheat F 1 and F 2 half-diallel populations and their parental cultivars were assessed in a randomized complete block design during 2011-2012 and 2012-2013, respectively. Genotypes revealed significant (P ≤ 0.01) differences for all the traits in both generations. According to scaling tests, an additive-dominance model was partially adequate for all the traits in the F 1 and F 2 generations. Diallel analysis revealed significant values for additive (D) and dominance (H 1 and H 2) genetic components of variance for majority traits in both generations, however, the overdominance type of gene action was predominant for inheritance. Additive gene action was observed for days to heading and plant height in the F 1 generation and tiller per plant and grain yield per plant in the F 2 generation. In the loci (H 2 < H 1), the majority of the traits showed an unequal proportion of positive and negative genes with asymmetrical distribution among parental genotypes (H 2 /4H 1 < 0.25). Significance of both additive and nonadditive genetic variations suggested integrated breeding strategies with delayed selection for improvement in wheat populations.
Moth bean [Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal] susceptibility to yellow mosaic virus (YMV) purged the crop from the farming system. Therefore, genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI) and biplot studies were undertaken to develop YMV-resistant moth bean cultivars from the germplasm. The germplasm was acquired from the National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad and from the farm fields in two provinces, Punjab and Sindh, Pakistan. Two different groups of moth bean genotypes were screened for YMV versus seed yield (11 genotypes) and YMV versus fodder yield (10 genotypes) over three years (2006)(2007)(2008) in three locations in Pakistan [D.I.Khan Agriculture Research Station (ARS), Serai Naurang ARS, and Karak ARS]. In all germplasm, four moth bean lines were identified as highly resistant to YMV with maximum grain (013393-C, 013388) and fodder (DMB-118-E, DMB-118-A) yields across all years and locations. Genotype, environment, GEI, and biplot analysis revealed that two moth bean lines (013393-C and DMB-118-E) showed the lowest YMV scoring (1) and maximum grain (33.40, 29.70, and 33.98 g plant -1 ) and fodder yields (15.30, 17.40, and 15.35 t ha -1 ) compared with susceptible checks, respectively. Keeping in view the genetic potential of YMV-resistance and the high grain and fodder yields of two moth bean lines (013393-C, DMB-118-E), the Provincial Seed Council (PSC) of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan approved the two lines with the highest grain and fodder yields as new moth bean cultivars, naming them Dera Moth and Green Moth, respectively.
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