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This study provides the results of an extensive investigation of the Advanced Scaterometter (ASCAT) surface soil moisture global operational product accuracy across three continents (United States of America (USA), Europe, and Australia). ASCAT predictions of surface soil moisture were compared against near concurrent in situ measurements from the FLUXNET observational network. A total of nine experimental sites were used to assess the accuracy of ASCAT Surface Soil Moisture (ASCAT SSM) predictions for two complete years of observations (2010, 2011). Results showed a generally reasonable agreement between the ASCAT product and the in situ soil moisture measurements in the 0–5 cm soil moisture layer. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) was below 0.135 m3 m−3 at all of the sites. With a few exceptions, Pearson’s correlation coefficient was above 45%. Grassland, shrublands, and woody savanna land cover types exhibited satisfactory agreement in all the sites analyzed (RMSE ranging from 0.05 to 0.13 m3 m−3). Seasonal performance was tested, but no definite conclusion can be made with statistical significance at this time, as the seasonal results varied from continent to continent and from year to year. However, the satellite and in situ measurements for Needleleaf forests were practically uncorrelated (R = −0.11 and −0.04). ASCAT predictions overestimated the observed values at all of the sites in Australia. A positive bias of approximately 0.05 m3 m−3 was found with respect to the observed values that were in the range 0–0.3 m3 m−3. Better agreement was observed for the grassland sites in most cases (RMSE ranging from 0.09 to 0.10 m3 m−3 and R from 0.46 to 0.90). Our results provide supportive evidence regarding the potential value of the ASCAT global operational product for meso-scale studies and the relevant practical applications. A key contribution of this study is a comprehensive evaluation of ASCAT product soil moisture estimates at different sites around the globe. These sites represent a variety of climatic, environmental, biome, and topographical conditions.

Earth Observation (EO) allows deriving from a range of sensors, often globally, operational estimates of surface soil moisture (SSM) at range of spatiotemporal resolutions. Yet, an evaluation of the accuracy of those products in a variety of environmental conditions has been often limited. In this study the accuracy of the SMOS SSM global operational product across 2 continents (USA, and Europe) is investigated. SMOS predictions were compared against near concurrent in-situ SSM measurements from the FLUXNET observational network. In total, 7 experimental sites were used to assess the accuracy of SMOS derived soil moisture for 2 complete years of observations (2010 to 2011). The accuracy of the SMOS SSM product is investigated in different seasons for the seasonal cycle as well as different continents and land types. Results showed a generally reasonable agreement between the SMOS product and the in-situ soil moisture measurements in the 0-5 cm soil moisture layer. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) in most cases was close to 0.1 m 3 m -3 (minimum 0.067 m 3 m -3 ). With a few exceptions, Pearson's correlation coefficient was found up to approx. 55%. Grassland, shrublands and woody savanna land cover types attained a satisfactory agreement between satellite derived and in-situ measurements but needleleaf forests had lower correlation. Better agreement was found for the grassland sites in both continents. Seasonally, summer and autumn underperformed spring and winter. Our study results provide supportive evidence of the potential value of this operational product for meso-scale studies in a range of practical applications, helping to address key challenges present nowadays linked to food and water security.

Surface soil moisture (SSM) plays an essential role in the Earth’s water cycle and land surface processes as well as in vegetative growth, ecological health, and ecosystem properties. Particularly, information on this parameter’s spatiotemporal variability at the Tibetan Plateau is of key importance to the study of climate and the impact of climate change due to it is distinctive characteristics in this area. The present study assesses the operational SSM products provided by the SMAP (Soil Moisture Active and Passive) satellite at the Tibetan Plateau, Naqu observational station, China. In particular, the globally distributed Level 3 operational products, SPL3SMP_36km and the Enhanced Passive SSM Product SPL3SMP_9km, are evaluated in two-phases. SSM and the surface temperature estimates by SPL3SMP_36km and SPL3SMP_9km are compared against corresponding ground data available at the Naqu observation network. All in all, the examined products captured the SSM dynamics in the studied area. The results showed that precipitation is the key driving source of SSM variability. SSM fluctuated significantly and was dependent on precipitation in the studied region. Statistical metrics, such as the root mean square error (RMSE), varied for SPL3SMP_36km and SPL3SMP_9km in the ranges of 0.036–0.083 m3/m3 and 0.074–0.097 m3/m3, respectively. The unbiased RMSE (ubRMSE) was higher than the SMAP uncertainty limit (0.04 m3/m3) in most cases. This study establishes some of the causes for the different performances of SMAP products, mainly, the ancillary input dataset parameterizations, and, specifically, the surface temperature parameterization schemes of SMAP retrieval algorithm is analyzed and discussed. Our research findings highlight, among others, the usefulness of those SSM products from SMAP, particularly in mesoscale studies, providing additional useful insights into the use of those products in practice in China and globally.