This article presents a constrained review of human factors issues relevant to adaptive automation (AA), including designing complex system interfaces to support AA, facilitating human-computer interaction and crew interactions in adaptive system operations, and considering workload associated with AA management in the design of human roles in adaptive systems. Unfortunately, these issues have received limited attention in earlier reviews of AA. This work is aimed at supporting a general theory of human-centered automation advocating humans as active information processors in complex system control loops to support situation awareness and effective performance. The review demonstrates the need for research into user-centered design of dynamic displays in adaptive systems. It also points to the need for discretion in designing transparent interfaces to facilitate human awareness of modes of automated systems. Finally, the review identifies the need to consider critical human-human interactions in designing adaptive systems. This work describes important branches of a developing framework of AA research and contributes to the general theory of human-centered automation.
Problems in advanced commercial aircraft pilot-flight management system (FMS) interaction through multifunction control display units (MCDUs) have been widely reported. Because this interaction plays an important role in ensuring aircraft safety, the MCDU should be designed to provide intuitive interfaces for ease of learning and use and to support pilot task performance in every aspect possible. Because of the increased complexity of computer-based systems, direct manipulation (DM) and graphical user interfaces (GUIs) have been proposed as vehicles to facilitate userfriendly interface design for improved usability of computer-based systems. This article takes a systematic approach toward the usability analysis of MCDU design; specifically it considers the application of foundational usability principles to aviation automation. The properties and advantages of DM and GUI design are reviewed from the perspective of MCDU design. In addition, discussion is provided on a usability inspection conducted on the MCDU interface design by human factors professionals. After this, general human-computer interaction design guidelines and recommendations on aspects of DM and GUIs relevant to the interface of the MCDU are formulated on the basis of previous empirical or analytical studies. The implications of specific usability design principles on the MCDU design, as suggested in the literature and by the usability judges, are also discussed in the constrained context of
This paper presents a constrained review of human factors issues relevant to adaptive automation (AA) including designing complex system interfaces to support AA, facilitating human-computer interaction and crew interactions in adaptive system operations, and considering workloads associated with AA management in the design ofhuman roles in adaptive systems. This work is intended to compliment earlier reviews, which have offered detailed information on topics central to AA (including dynamic function allocation strategies and triggering methods). The review demonstrates the need for research'into user-centered design of dynamic displays in adaptive systems. It also points to the need for discretion in designing transparent interfaces to facilitate human awareness of modes of automated systems. Finally, the review identifies the need to consider critical human-human (or crew) interactions as well as AA induced operator workload in designing adaptive systems. This work describes important branches of a developing framework of AA and contributes to the general theory of human-centered automation.
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