Energy efficiency is a fundamental aspect for wireless body area networks (WBANs) due to the limited battery capacity and miniaturisation of sensor nodes. Prolonging the lifespan of a WBAN depends mostly on maximising the energy efficiency. WBAN systems operate under conflicting requirements of energy and spectrum efficiency. In this study, the two metrics of energy and spectrum efficiency for direct communication links for in-body and on-body sensor nodes are analysed. A general device-to-device communication model was adapted to WBAN. Optimal transmission power values to achieve maximum energy efficiency for in-body and on-body communication links are found. With reference to a maximum power level of 1.5 W compliant with the Federal Communications Commission for WBAN, it is also deduced that for on-body communication, decreasing maximum possible spectrum efficiency by 33% for medical devices operating in 400-450 and 950-956 MHz would improve energy efficiency by 75 times. Moreover, by decreasing spectrum efficiency by 38.3 and 48% leads to an increase in energy efficiency by 45.3 and 39.3 times in 2.4-2.5 and 3.1-10.6 GHz frequency bands, respectively. This tradeoff is significant for medical applications having strict energy requirements.
Two important criteria of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are low power consumption and delay.These criteria can be met by designing efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols. In this paper, two TDMA-based MAC protocols are proposed. The first protocol, TM-MAC makes use of only a main radio. The second proposed protocol, TWM-MAC makes use of a WUR alongside the main radio. The two proposed protocols are compared with different categories of standard MAC protocols and it is shown that they outperform the standard ones by improving the power consumption and delay. The TWM-MAC consumes 55% less power consumption than the Scheduled Channel Polling MAC (SCP-MAC) protocol for a high traffic scenario on the high-rate platform while the TM-MAC consumes 85% less power consumption than the SCP-MAC. For a low traffic scenario, the TWM-MAC performs 53.5% better than the SCP-MAC protocol and 77.5% better than the Very Low Power MAC (VLPM) protocol on the high and low-rate platforms respectively. An improvement in delay was observed with the TWM-MAC protocol for high traffic situations. The TWM-MAC protocol surpasses the VLPM protocol by 81.1% in terms of latency for a high traffic scenario and 3.2% for a low traffic scenario.
Two important criteria of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are low power consumption and delay. These criteria can be met by designing efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols. In this paper, two TDMA-based MAC protocols are proposed. The first protocol, TM-MAC makes use of only a main radio. The second proposed protocol, TWM-MAC makes use of a WUR alongside the main radio. The two proposed protocols are compared with different categories of standard MAC protocols and it is shown that they outperform the standard ones by improving the power consumption and delay. The TWM-MAC consumes 55% less power consumption than the Scheduled Channel Polling MAC (SCP-MAC) protocol for a high traffic scenario on the high-rate platform while the TM-MAC consumes 85% less power consumption than the SCP-MAC. For a low traffic scenario, the TWM-MAC performs 53.5% better than the SCP-MAC protocol and 77.5% better than the Very Low Power MAC (VLPM) protocol on the high and low-rate platforms respectively. An improvement in delay was observed with the TWM-MAC protocol for high traffic situations. The TWM-MAC protocol surpasses the VLPM protocol by 81.1% in terms of latency for a high traffic scenario and 3.2% for a low traffic scenario.
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