The occurrence of diarrhea in children under five years old (toddlers) is still a serious health problem because it can cause mortality and malnutrition in children. Diarrhea is one of the biggest causes of death in toddlers in the world. Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) reports that more than 10 million children under five years old die every year and around 20 percent of them die because of diarrhea. One etiology of diarrhea infection in children under five years old who often escapes attention is diarrhea caused by parasites. As a developing and tropical country, the incidence of diarrhea due to parasitic infections in Indonesia is quite high. Examination of diarrhea samples in children under five years old to identify the type of parasites that play a role in the incidence of diarrhea. Stool samples were collected from patients seeking treatment at several primary health care and hospitals in Jakarta, Banjarmasin and Makassar during 2015-2016. The stool specimens were collected in containers containing formaldehyde for microscopic examination. Blastocystis hominis was found to be the most prevalent parasite with an infection rate of 12.46% followed by Entamoeba coli 1.73%, Ascaris lumbrichoides 0.35%, Oxiuris vermicularis 0.35%, Endolomax nana 0.35%, and Hookworm (Ancylostoma sp and Necator americanus) 0.35%. Parasitic diarrhea increases susceptibility to other infections, should not be neglected, particularly in patients with chronic diarrhea. Accurate diagnosis decreases morbidity and mortality in patients with parasite infection.
Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) as the reemerging disease which first discovered on December 2019 in Wuhan, China. World Health Organization (WHO) has designated COVID-19 as a global pandemic on March 11th, 2020. Covid-19 is related with the climate change which influences the environment of life cycle of SARS-CoV2 vector. With there are no drug of choice for Covid-19 until this time, giving vaccination is one of the strategy of prevention to break the transmission and reduce the number of cases. Vaccination can trigger immunity by forming antibodies and protect the individual from antigen which came in to host and can be a marker for future vaccine for disease relates unpredicted climate change. This paper reviews several laboratory methods that can be used to detect antibodies such as Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFIA), Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Electro-Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (ECLIA) and see their ability to protect individuals from COVID-19 after vaccination using neutralization test such as Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test (PNRT) or Surrogate Reduction Neutralization Test (sRNT). The benefit of this reviews is to understand the optimal methods to measure and detect antibody and to improve vaccine development strategy for the disease relate with unpredicted climate change in the future based on antibodies seroconversion and seroprotection.
The study of disability is one of the most important studies in Islam. In the study of Islamic law, the problem of disability is seen as one of the conditions that can cause the perpetrators to get various conveniences and tolerances in carrying out religious rules. However, this perspective is seen as still not enough to be a solution to the problem of disability. This is because this perspective still positions people with disabilities in a powerless position and still does not have the same opportunity to receive their legal rights as legal subjects. This study aims to examine in depth the position and capacity of persons with disabilities as legal subjects in Islamic law. The conclusion of this study is that persons with disabilities are legal subject with full rights as the normal people. They have the right and are capable of receiving and acting legally. In terms of receiving rights, persons with disabilities are full legal subjects. As in the field of ibadah, persons with disabilities have the capacity as full legal subjects but with tolerance according to their abilities. Meanwhile in the field of muamalah, persons with disabilities are subject to certain limitations in their capacity as legal subjects.
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