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In modeling the impact of sovereign credit rating (CR) on financial markets, a considerable amount of the literature to date has been devoted to examining the short-term impact of CR on financial markets via an event-study methodology. The argument has been established that financial markets are sensitive to CR announcements, and market reactions to such announcements (both upgrading and degrading) are not the same. Using the framework of an autoregressive distributed lag setting, the present study attempted to empirically test the linear and non-linear impacts of CR on financial market development (FMD) in the European region. Nonlinear specification is capable to capture asymmetries (upgrades and downgrades) in the estimation process, which have not been considered to date in financial market literature. Overall findings identified long-term asymmetries, while there was little evidence supporting the existence of short-term asymmetries. Thus, the present study has extended the financial market literature on the subject of the asymmetrical impact of a sovereign CR on European FMD and provides useful input for policy formation taking into account these nonlinearities. Policies solely based upon linear models may be misleading and detrimental.

In recent years, the innovation of state-owned listed enterprises has gained substantial momentum in academic research due to their vital role in sustainable economic development. This article examines and evaluates the influence of mixed-ownership reform on the innovation strategy of Chinese State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) from the two dimensions of ownership structure adjustment and control right allocation. We extend extant research in that: The diversity of mixed shareholders, the depth of mixed equity, and the control of mixed equity can significantly promote the exploratory innovation investment of SOEs. Our study investigates the impact of the shareholding ratio of foreign investors, natural persons, and institutional investors. The empirical results found a significant positive correlation between the increase of the shareholding ratio of institutional investors and the exploratory and exploitative innovation investment. On the other hand, private shareholders’ shareholding ratio has no impact on the innovation strategy choices of SOEs. Specifically, the results proved that the promotion of exploratory innovation investment by mixed-ownership reform is more significant in SOEs controlled by the central government or in competitive industries. To a large extent, this promotion is achieved by improving the proportion of executives with a professional R&D background in SOEs.

This study compares the execution and potency of the Islamic banking operations currently practiced by Pakistan and Malaysia Islamic banks. In the 1980s both countries embarked their work on the Islamic banking system by using different entirely approaches. Malaysia adopted moderate solicitations towards the implementation of the Islamic financial system according to the shariah and law, which allows Islamic and the conventional banking system to operate on a parallel basis. On the other side, Pakistan engaged in converting the financial system in accordance with the Islamic shariah and law all at once. This study assays the approaches pursued by both countries towards the adoption of the Islamic banking system. For this meticulous prospect DEA (Data envelopment analysis), Malmquist total factor productivity index is used. To inspect the competency of the banks and further performance of these banks in comparison, eleven financial ratios are used in this study. We find that the productivity level of the Islamic banking system of Pakistan has increased as compared to the Malaysian Islamic banks by using data envelopment analysis. Contribution/ Originality: This study contributes to the existing literature in a way that it contains execution and potency of Islamic banking operations currently practiced by Pakistan and Malaysia Islamic banks. This study is one of the very few studies which have applied the DEA approach specifically restricted to Pakistan and Malaysian banking structure.