Background:It is important to understand the biology and health impact of parasites affecting horses in the Western highlands of Cameroon.Aim:to evaluate the prevalence and intensity of infection of gastrointestinal helminths in these animals.Materials and Methods:A total of 894 horses (367 males and 527 females), and aged ≤1 to ≥7 years old were examined. A parasitological investigation of faeces was carried out using two techniques: concentration method of Full Born Willis (flotation in saturated solution of sodium chloride) and Mc Master Technique.Results and conclusions:From the results the overall prevalence was 100%. Nine species of nematode (Parascaris equorum, Oxyuris equi, Habronema sp., Strongyloides westeri, Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, Trichostrongylus axei, Cyathostome sp., Triodontophorus sp., Strongylus sp.) were identified with the prevalence of 18.48%, 16.94%, 2.99%, 6.05%, 5.22%, 7.75%, 12.49%, 1.09%, and 22.26%, respectively, and one species of cestode (Anoplocephala magna) with a prevalence of 6.73%. Strongylus sp. had the highest mean intensity of infection (1270±942) in female horses. Poly-parasitic infections (92.28%) were more common than mono-parasitic infections (7.72%).
Objectives: To evaluate the in vitro activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts of stem bark of Terminalia glaucescens on the eggs and larval stages of Haemonchus contortus of sheep. Methods: The eggs were exposed for 24 hours in five different concentrations (625, 1250, 2500, 3750 and 5000 µg/ml) of methanol, hot water (decoction) and cold water extracts at room temperature (25˚C). Distilled water, 1.25% DMSO and Albendazole were used as negatives and positive control respectively in the bioassay. Results: A significant effect was obtained with all of the three extracts and differences were observed depending on the parasitic stage. Hot water extract (HWE), Methanol (MET) and Cold water extract (CWE) inhibited embryonic development by 98.1%, 96% and 86.5% respectively at 5000 µg/ml, meanwhile Albendazole had a 77.9% inhibition. For the mean inhibition rate of egg hatching, there was a general increase in the inhibition rate with increase in concentration of the extract from 625 to 5000 µg/ml. Methanol extract had the highest inhibition rate in all concentration from 625 to 5000 µg/ml. Concerning larval mortality, HWE had the highest effect in L1 larval mortality in all concentration above 1250 μg/ml. Distilled water had very little larval mortality on L1 and L2 larvae by 3.3 and 3.3% respectively. Conclusion: This in vitro study brought out the ovicidal and larvicidal properties of stem bark of Terminalia glaucescens.
Background: Parasitic infections are major health problems worldwide. These parasitic infections are caused by Helminths and Protozoans. High prevalence is mostly in people with low socioeconomic status and this is due to lack of hygiene and sanitation. This study aimed at providing systemic data that will be used to determine the prevalence, intensity and the efficacy of anthelminthic drugs (Albendazole 400 mg and Mebendazole 500 mg) against gastrointestinal helminths among the population of Nkambe. Methods: Qualitative and quantitative analysis were carried out by Floatation and McMaster count techniques respectively, while the Chi Square Test was used to analyse demographic parameters, Kruskal Wallis test was used to determine the intensities at 0.05 significant level. Results: Four hundred (400) stool samples were collected and fifty-two 52(13%) of these samples were infected with at least one nematode species. The intestinal nematodes encountered in this study were: Ascaris lumbricoides, Hookworms and Trichiuris trichiura with the respective prevalences and intensities of infection of (5.5%) and 671.43 ± 317.27), (3.75% and (1000.00 ± 228.03), (3.75) and (478.57 ± 237.68). From our data analysis, the males (7.25%) were infected more than the females (5.75%). Participants between 2-10 and 11-20 years were more infected than adults with 6.75% and 3.5% respective. Faecal egg concentration was 44.2% and these infections were light and moderate. The cure rate for Albendazole (ALB) against A. lumbricoides was 100%, 66.67% for Hookworms and 57% T. trichuira. Mebendazole (MEB) curing rate for Hookworm was 100%, A. lumbricoides 83.4% and was unsatisfactory against T. trichuira. The ERR for ALB 400 mg was 100% for A. lumbricoides, 55% for Hookworms and 44.27% for T. trichuira. (MEB) 500 mg Egg Reduction Rate (ERR) was 100% for Hookworms, 62.9% for A. lumbricoides and T. trichuira had 44.4%. Conclusion: A single dose of ALB 500 mg is recommended for the treatment of A. lumbricoides, Hookworms and T. trichuira.
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) encompass infections developed by healthcare practitioners (HCPs) consequential to healthcare administration, hospital infections manifesting during hospitalization or after patient discharge, nursing home-acquired, long term care-associated, outpatient-related (e.g. dialysis, chemotherapy) and also home care-associated infections. [1] HAIs have been encountered often but not always after healthcare intervention. HCPs in Cameroon have much to learn from major advances in HAI control. Data collection, analysis and information flow are necessary for the smooth functioning of any healthcare delivery system. This work evaluated prevention practices and the impact of HAIs in Dschang, Cameroon. Materials and Methods SettingThe Dschang District Hospital (DDH), the Adlucem Medical Foundation Hospital (AH) and the "Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul" (HSVP) in Dschang, chosen based on longevity of service and level of care offered in surgical, paediatric, general men and women, maternity and ophthalmology wards.The DDH went operational in 1957. It is located above the bilingual primary school, opposite the Dschang University entrance and lies on latitude 10 o 03'724", longitude 5 o 26'843" and an altitude of 1391m. It has a capacity of 200 beds with a team of five doctors, six laboratory workers and 45 nurses. ABSTRACTBackground: There is a dearth of knowledge on healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in Cameroon. This study scrutinized HAI prevention and burden in three hospitals in Dschang, West Region of the country, in order to inform on current practices. Materials and Methods: From September 2008 to April 2009, patient records in three hospitals were assessed, questionnaires administered, and hand washing examined in 29 consenting nurses. A retrospective study on nosocomial infections (NIs) was performed by reviewing the records of 12917 in-patients who survived longer than 72 hours and were not transferred to other hospitals. Modified National Healthcare Safety Network protocols were employed and data analyzed using SPSS. Results: Study respondents (77%, P 0.0089) were aware of HAI control but lacked detailed knowledge including the five moments for hand hygiene. Of 35 staff evaluated, 74% (P 0.0093) used non-disposable hand towels, 9% disposable and a further 9% air-dried hands after washing. An alarming 72% of hand cultures grew coagulase-negative staphylococcus, Enteroccocus, Bacillus, fungi, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and other coliforms indicating fecal contamination. NI rates averaged 2.6 infections/100 admissions and four infected patients/1000 patient days; 17.4% and 12 infected patients/1000 days in surgical patients. Surgical site (38%), respiratory (26%), gastrointestinal (19%), bloodstream (8%) and urinary (7%) infections were predominant NIs, with a mean development time of 7-11 days and prolonged hospital stay by 12 days. Cost constraints precluded routine culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing; thus no data on clinical pathogens. Conclusion: Scrupulous hand hy...
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