SUMMARYVariation for K" and Na^ accumulation at low salinities in hydroponic (water) culture were observed in shoots of different wheat species. Greater discrimination (in favour of K+ and against Na+ accumulation) was shown by hexaploid bread wheat {Triticum aestivum L.) than by tetraploid durum wheat (T. turgidum L.). Since Aegilops tauschii Cosson {A. squarrosa L.), the source of the D genome in bread wheat, also exhibited high discrimination between K"^ and Na^, it was concluded that the character resided in the D genome. Studies of aneuploid bread wheat lines and disomic substitution lines of D genome chromosomes for their A and B genome homoeologues in durum wheat cv. Langdon revealed that the trait was controlled by the long arm of chromosome 4D. Since the aneuploid and disomic substitution lines showed better relative salt tolerance than durum wheat, but had lower yield potentials, we recombined chromosome 4D with chromosome 4B in a tetraploid wheat background using a homoeologous pairing mutant. This produced families of 4D/4B recombinant lines, some of which exhibited the enhanced K'^/Na'^ discrimination trait. RFLP analysis confirmed that the trait was controlled by a single gene (Knal) which was completely linked to five markers on the distal third of the long arm of 4D. A second cycle of homoeologous recombination was employed to remove the distal 4D genetic material from the recombined Knal 4B/4D chromosome and to map Kfial in greater detail. By this strategy, Knal was mapped within a short 2 cM region. Genetic analysis of K"^: Na"^ ratios showed very high LOD scores in this region for plants grown in solution culture, but lower values for plants grown in the field.In general, recombinant lines which exhibited the enhanced K+/Na+ trait were slightly more tolerant of salinity in the field and in sand culture than recombinants lacking the trait. There was, however, considerable variation between individual lines. Ion discrimination and relative tolerance were also higher in a Knal recombinant (line no. R3) than in a knal recombinant (line no. R165) in sodic conditions. In these two lines the enhanced K+/Na+ discrimination trait did not alter responses to low potassium or calcium supply.

Dosage form is a mean used for the delivery of drug to a living body. In order to get the desired effect the drug should be delivered to its site of action at such rate and concentration to achieve the maximum therapeutic effect and minimum adverse effect. Since oral route is still widely accepted route but having a common drawback of difficulty in swallowing of tablets and capsules. Therefore a lot of research has been done on novel drug delivery systems. This review is about oral dispersible tablets a novel approach in drug delivery systems that are now a day's more focused in formulation world, and laid a new path that, helped the patients to build their compliance level with the therapy, also reduced the cost and ease the administration especially in case of pediatrics and geriatrics. Quick absorption, rapid onset of action and reduction in drug loss properties are the basic advantages of this dosage form.

Purpose: To identify the frequency, levels and predictors of potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs) in a pediatrics ward of a teaching hospital in

No abstract

A total of 310 blood smears were collected from sheep of the Livestock Experiment Station, Qadirabad, Sahiwal district, Pakistan, and surrounding areas. The samples were examined microscopically and 30 (9.67%) were positive for babesiosis. The animals were divided into two groups (A and B) for chemotherapy. Group A sheep were treated with diminazene diaceturate while group B animals received imidocarb dipropionate. Drug efficacy was determined by negative blood smear examination. Diminazene diaceturate effectiveness against babesiosis was 80% while that of imidocarb dipropionate was 100%. Hematological studies revealed a significant decrease in hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit values for Babesia-positive animals compared to healthy controls.

No abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is a novel respiratory disease that has led to a global pandemic and created a havoc. The COVID‐19 disease severity varies among individuals, depending on fluctuating symptoms. Many infectious diseases such as hepatitis B and dengue hemorrhagic fever have been associated with ABO blood groups. The aim of this study was to explore whether ABO blood groups might serve as a risk or a protective factor for COVID‐19 infection. Moreover, the symptomatic variations of COVID‐19 infection among the individuals with different blood groups were also analyzed. An online questionnaire‐based survey was conducted in which 305 partakers were included, who had successfully recovered from coronavirus infection. The ABO blood groups of 1294 healthy individuals were also taken as a control. The results of the current study demonstrated that antibody A containing blood groups (blood group B, p‐value: 0.049 and blood group O, p‐value: 0.289) had a protective role against COVID‐19 infection. The comparison of symptomatic variations among COVID‐19‐infected subjects showed that blood group O subjects had lower chances of experiencing severe symptoms relating to respiratory distress, while subjects with AB blood group were more prone to develop symptoms, but the differences in both groups were found to be statistically non‐significant. In conclusion, subjects who do not have anti‐A antibodies in their serum (i.e., subjects with group A and AB) are more likely to be infected with COVID‐19. The current data showed that there was no significant association of signs and symptoms variations of COVID‐19 infection among individuals with different blood groups.

No abstract