Sarcomatoid carcinomas are biphasic tumors proven to be monoclonal dedifferentiated forms of conventional squamous carcinomas. This study evaluates their clinicopathologic characteristics in head and neck mucosal sites and the problems in distinguishing them from other spindle cell tumors. A total of 103 cases with a confirmed diagnosis of sarcomatoid carcinoma accessioned in the pathology department of a tertiary referral cancer centre over a period of 7 years (2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010) were studied. An algorithm used for their diagnosis is presented. Ages of the patients were 22-90 years (median 53 years), and male:female ratio was 3.7:1. Site distribution was oral cavity (n = 65, 63.1%), larynx (18, 17.5%), oropharynx/hypopharynx (12, 10.7%), maxilla (6, 5.8%) and metastatic nodes (2, 1.9%). A large number of patients (95%) presented with a mass lesion of less than 1 year duration. Histopathologically, epithelial differentiation was evident on morphology in 48 (46.6%) cases, only on IHC in 34 (33%) cases, and in 21 (20.4%) no epithelial differentiation was seen. Typically, tumors were polypoidal (92, 89.3%) and ulcerated (95, 92.2%) with cells arranged predominantly in fascicles (59, 57.3%) or storiform pattern (17, 16.5%) amidst collagenous (50, 48.5%) or myxoid matrix (35, 34%). Anaplasia (2?/3?) and mitosis[10 per 10 HPF were noted in 96 (93.2%) cases. IHC was done in 82 cases; 55 (66.7%) showed positivity for epithelial markers with aberrant expression of mesenchymal markers in 43 (41.7%). Diagnosis of sarcomatoid squamous carcinoma is challenging because of overlapping histopathological features with other spindle cell tumors. Understanding their clinicopathologic characteristics facilitates their diagnosis and appropriate clinical management.

The study was undertaken to evaluate liquid based cytology (Pap spin) and to compare the sensitivity of Pap spin with conventional Pap smear. Pap smears were taken from 160 patients with gynaecologic complaints with Ayre's spatula and endocervical cytobrush and slides prepared. The residual material on both the spatula and cytobrush were rinsed in Pap spin collection fluid and centrifuged. Direct smears were prepared from the cell button, fixed and stained by Papanicolaou stain. Colposcopy was performed in patients with abnormal smears and biopsy was performed in suspected malignant or dysplastic cases. LSIL and HSIL was diagnosed in 27 (64.4%) cases, mostly between 21-40 years, Commonest presenting complaint was discharge per vaginum seen in 68 (42.5%) cases. Cytological abnormality was found in 42 cases (26.2%) by Pap spin method, whereas conventional Pap smear detected abnormality in only 24 cases (15%). 133 cases (83.1%) were satisfactory for evaluation on Pap spin and 51 cases (31.9%) on conventional Pap smear. The commonest atypical finding on colposcopy was acetowhite area in 14 cases (31.1%). Sensitivity of Pap spin and conventional Pap smear was 97.6% and 53.7% respectively and specificity was 50% in each. Pap spin is strongly advocated in the best interest of public health as it improves the sample quality and reduces the likelihood of false negative results.

Sonographic findings have a high accuracy in differentiating benign from malignant cervical lymph nodes. An ultrasound scan can be used as the first-line imaging tool in the diagnostic evaluation of cervical lymphadenopathy, especially in developing countries like India due to its ease, noninvasiveness, reproducibility, and cost effectiveness. It can also be used as an imaging tool for the guided aspirations. However, because of some overlapping in sonographic appearances of benign and malignant nodes, this modality may not have definite diagnostic values. But when combined with FNA, it has a very high sensitivity and specificity.

Ovarian steroid cell tumours (not otherwise specified) are rare neoplasms of the ovary and are classified under lipid cell tumours. Their diagnosis can be considered as one of exclusion. Histopathologically, the tumour should carefully be evaluated for microscopic features of malignancy, but it is essential for the clinician and the pathologist to remember that in these tumours, pathologically benign histomorphology does not exclude the possibility of clinically malignant behaviour. Our case study focuses on the comparative findings in a postmenopausal female diagnosed with an ovarian steroid tumour (not otherwise specified). A careful correlation between clinical and surgical evaluation and microscopic analysis is necessary, as is a regular followup.

Multiphase power converters generate common mode voltage due to switching actions of the power switches. The resulting common mode current in multiphase motor drives flow through the bearing and shaft. Continuous flow of common mode current gradually weakens the performance of the drives. A space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) technique is developed to reduce Common mode voltage (CMV) in a three-to-five-phase matrix converter-based five-phase induction motor drive system. The principle of CMV reduction lies in the selection of proper space vectors for implementation of SVPWM. The proposed technique achieves reduction in the CMV without affecting other performances, i.e. loss in output voltage, total harmonic distortion in the output voltages and currents. The common mode voltage is reduced by selecting a set of proper zero space vectors and placing them in a suitable position within a switching cycle. Using this approach, CMV is reduced by ∼30%. Simulation and experimental results are provided for a five-phase induction motor drive fed using a three-to-five-phase matrix converter.

Objective: To determine the role of intraoperative cytology (IOC) in the diagnostic evaluation of ovarian neoplasms. Methods: The present study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, AMU, Aligarh, India, over a time span of 18 months. Depending on the consistency of the lesion, touch, scrape or crush techniques were used to prepare cytological smears. Smears were fixed in 95% ethyl alcohol and then stained with hematoxylin and eosin or Papanicolaou stains. Cytological results were compared with the histological diagnosis taking the latter as the gold standard. Results: Of 50 lesions studied by IOC, 25 lesions were labeled as benign, 24 lesions as malignant and 1 lesion was inconclusive. Final histological diagnoses labeled 25 lesions as benign and 25 lesions as malignant. Comparing the diagnosis of cytology smears with histology sections, 47 of 50 cases were concordant. Sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy were 95.8, 96.0 and 95.8%, respectively. Conclusions: IOC is a good complement to histopathology in the study of ovarian neoplasms, particularly in developing countries like ours, where the facility of frozen sections is often not available, since a rapid preliminary diagnosis may help in surgical management planning.

FCI is a rapid and reliable modality for the diagnosis of an APL. The triple-negative profile (CD34-/HLA-DR-/CD11b-) rapidly and specifically identifies an APL case.

In this study, common mode voltage (CMV) reduction using space vector pulse-width modulation (SVPWM) technique is proposed for a three-phase induction motor drive fed by a three-to-three phase indirect matrix converter (MC). The proposed SVPWM effectively reduces the peak of the CMV without affecting the output voltage gain. By adopting the proposed SVPWM there is no change in the dv/dt of CMV at the terminal of the machine when compared to the existing method. The proposed control is possible by proper placement of zero vectors in the rectifier stage and discarding zero voltage vectors in the inverter stage of the indirect MC. The control technique is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink environment. Hardware setup is developed and control algorithm is implemented using dSPACE working in conjunction with the FPGA interface board. The results of the proposed SVPWM are compared with the existing method of CMV elimination and the improvement is established. The simulation results obtained are verified with the experimental results. The obtained results confirm a reduction of CMV by 48% (peak) and validate the viability of the proposed scheme in a three-phase induction motor drive system.