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Recent evidence suggests an important role for natural honey in modulating immune response. To identify active components responsible, this study investigated the immunomodulatory properties of glycoproteins and glycopeptides fractionated from Ziziphus honey. Honey proteins/peptides were fractionated by size exclusion chromatography into five peaks with molecular masses in the range of 2-450 kDa. The fractionated proteins exhibited potent, concentration-dependent inhibition of reactive oxygen species production in zymosan-activated human neutrophils (IC50 = 6-14 ng/mL) and murine macrophages (IC50 = 2-9 ng/mL). Honey proteins significantly suppressed the nitric oxide production by LPS-activated murine macrophages (IC50 = 96-450 ng/mL). Moreover, honey proteins inhibited the phagocytosis latex bead macrophages. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α by human monocytic cell line in the presence of honey proteins was analyzed. Honey proteins did not affect the production of IL-1β; however, TNF-α production was significantly suppressed. These findings indicated that honey glycoproteins and glycopeptides significantly interfere with molecules of the innate immune system.

In this article, the non-Newtonian fluid model named Casson fluid is considered. The semi-infinite domain of disk is fitted out with magnetized Casson liquid. The role of both thermophoresis and Brownian motion is inspected by considering nanosized particles in a Casson liquid spaced above the rotating disk. The magnetized flow field is framed with Navier’s slip assumption. The Von Karman scheme is adopted to transform flow narrating equations in terms of reduced system. For better depiction a self-coded computational algorithm is executed rather than to move-on with build-in array. Numerical observations via magnetic, Lewis numbers, Casson, slip, Brownian motion, and thermophoresis parameters subject to radial, tangential velocities, temperature, and nanoparticles concentration are reported. The validation of numerical method being used is given through comparison with existing work. Comparative values of local Nusselt number and local Sherwood number are provided for involved flow controlling parameters.