Objective: The purpose of this article is to review the literature and compile promising and clinically relevant biomarkers in autoimmune disease related to otolaryngology—head and neck surgery. Study Design: Narrative review. Methods: Pubmed and Google Scholar were queried using combined key words such as “biomarkers” and “otolaryngology.” Additional queries were made with combined key words such as “biomarkers” and a particular subspecialty such as “autoimmune” or “Meniere’s” to maximize yield of relevant titles. Subsequently, specific biomarkers identified, such as “anti-TPO-antibodies,” were used as key words. Relevant titles were reviewed and selected for abstract review. Applicable abstracts were then selected for review of the full text. Results: Biomarkers that are currently in clinical use for the management of autoimmune diseases within the field of otolaryngology were included in this review. The compiled biomarkers were then detailed individually regarding their molecular characteristics, function, and clinical significance. Conclusions: Based on this literature review, there are several biomarkers currently in clinical use within the field of otolaryngology relating to autoimmune diseases. The majority of these biomarkers are in the form of proteins such as Cogan peptide and c-ANCA. This survey may serve as a comprehensive resource on biomarkers for autoimmune diseases in clinical otolaryngology.
Objective The purpose of this paper is to review the literature and compile promising and clinically relevant biomarkers in otolaryngology—head & neck surgery not related to autoimmune disorders. Study Design Narrative review. Methods PubMed and Google Scholar were queried using combined key words such as “biomarkers” and “otolaryngology.” Additional queries were made with combined key words such as “biomarkers” and a particular subspecialty such as “rhinology” or “otology” to maximize yield of relevant titles. Subsequently, specific biomarkers identified, such as “beta-2 transferrin,” were used as key words. Relevant titles were reviewed and selected for abstract review. Applicable abstracts were then selected for review of the full text. Results Biomarkers currently in clinical use within the field of otolaryngology were included in this review. The compiled biomarkers were then detailed individually regarding their molecular characteristics, function, and clinical significance. Conclusions The number of biomarkers in use in otolaryngology is rapidly expanding representing a new diagnostic modality for our field. This review defines the key biomarkers that are currently or likely to be soon translated into clinical use within the field of otolaryngology. The majority of these biomarkers are in the form of proteins such as beta-2 transferrin, thyroglobulin, and P16. Given their growing impact on diagnosis, management and surveillance of otolaryngologic disorders periodic surveys are needed for education and to guide further advances and applications of otolaryngologic biomarkers.
An 88-year-old female with dementia and breast cancer, on chemotherapy (anastrozole), presented to the emergency department after her home aide noticed redness and swelling over the patient's right neck. Besides anastozole, her other medications included donepezil, losartan, memantine, and mirtazapine. The patient was noted to be febrile, more disoriented than her baseline, and urinating less frequently than normal. In the emergency department, the patient had significant right anterolateral neck erythema, swelling, and tenderness without purulence, and notable swelling of the floor of mouth. She endorsed pain with eating and swallowing, but denied any difficulty breathing. She was afebrile, hemodynamically stable, and did not exhibit any signs of respiratory distress. Her work-up included a neck computed tomography with intravenous (IV) contrast, which demonstrated edema and fat stranding in the area of the anterolateral right neck overlying the submandibular gland, suspicious for sialadenitis with overlying cellulitis without an associated abscess (Figure 1).The patient was admitted and started on IV clindamycin, IV dexamethasone, and IV fluids. Supportive care including submandibular massage, warm compresses, sialagogues, and good oral hydration was also carried out throughout her stay. The
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