This paper documents the results of 12 months of monitoring of an upgraded hybrid moving bed biofilm reactor-conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment plant (MBBR-CAS WWTP). It also targets the assessment of the increment of the hydraulic load on existing treatment units with a zero construction and land cost. The influent flow to the plant was increased from 21,000 m3 d−1 to 30,000 m3 d−1, 40% of the existing CAS reactor volume was used for the MBBR zone with a carrier fill fraction of 47.62% and with Headworks Bio ActiveCell™ 515 used as media; no modifications were made for the primary and secondary tanks. The hybrid reactor showed high removal efficiencies for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS), with average effluent values recording 33.00 ± 8.87 mg L−1, 52.90 ± 9.65 mg L−1 and 29.50 ± 6.64 mg L−1 respectively. Nutrient removals in the hybrid modified biological reactor were moderate compared with carbon removal despite the high C/N ratio of 12.33. Findings in this study favor the application of MBBR in the upgrading of existing CAS plants with the plant BOD5 removal efficiency recording an increase of about 5% compared with the plant before upgrade and effluent values well within the legal requirements.
The behavioral changes in soil erodibility factor ( K USLE ) due to Ca-carbonate content were determined in four calcareous soils located at northern Iraq. The procedure for K USLE determination in these soils was carried out before and after carbonate removal by using a special nomograph and modified equation given by Wischmeier and Smith(1978). The results indicate that the changes in soil Cacarbonate content caused a changes in soil erodibility factor (K USLE ).Soil texture modification due to Ca-carbonate content was the main factor affecting soil erodibility. Other unconsidered factors, such as soil permeability and structure ,could also have contributed to the remaining variability in K USLE . Regression analysis of data showed that about 87.8 % of the variability in K USLE could be explained by a high Ca-carbonate content, as it was in these soils. This relationship give us a knowledge to make a correction for the calculated erodibility factor K USLE of calcareous soils to distinguish it from that of non-calcareous soils.
Use of municipal waste water (both treated and untreated) has now become a common practice in urban and peri-urban areas. Mostly vegetables in urban cities like Karachi are being irrigated by sewerage water. In this study a comparison of sewage and fresh water-irrigated vegetables has been made with respect to trace metals. Among commonly used vegetables, green onion, cabbage, pumpkin, eggplant, bird’s eye chili and okra were selected. Two sets of these vegetables were collected, one from local farm where irrigation was done with well water and other set of samples was collected from Malir, Karachi where irrigation was done with waste water. Samples were analyzed for heavy metals i.e. K, Na, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Fe, and As by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. It showed that both sets of samples were found to contain metal concentrations beyond the limits set by WHO/EU. Apart from tomato, the concentration of only Cd was near the standard value for both sets. Similar results were obtained for K except for pumpkin in which the concentration for waste water irrigated samples was fairly high. Amount of Cu and Fe were moderately higher than the standard in both samples. Arsenic in all the samples was considerably high while maximum concentration was obtained for Pd against the limits. These findings suggest waste water irrigated vegetables pose high risk to human health. The concentrations of As and Pb were high in fresh water samples possibly, the well water may contain metals, therefore it is important to know the source.
Background:Within the past few decades, there has been an increase in the number of water-borne disease outbreaks and emergence of newly recognized waterborne parasites. Several factors which contribute to the spread of these diseases include: water, heavy rains and agricultural residues which transfer the parasites to water surface from the soil. The aim of this study was to detect the presence of parasites in the river and drinking water of Al-Wahdaa and Al-Rasheed Drinking Project and household water tanks from some regions of Baghdad.Method:Forty samples were collected from river and drinking water of Drinking Project. Fifty four samples of household water tanks were collected from some regions of Baghdad.Results:Cryptosporidium oocyst, which was founded in river water samples are more than those in drinking water. Furthermore, it was existed in Diyala Bridge &Taha Mosque from April – August and oocyst was diagnosed by using of Zheil-Neelson. Wet mount slide method was applied to detect cysts of free-living amoeba Acanthomoeba, Naegleria. The number of cysts in July and August were higher than other months for Drinking Project and the water tanks for all regions.Conclusion:These results emphasize the importance screening of the water to prevent possible of the spread of parasitic protozoan and that the cracks occurrence in drinking water pipes between the stations and houses led to contamination of water with the infective stage of parasites, especially in the areas that are near agricultural fields which polluted with the cows’ waste.
The experiment was conducted at Cotton Research, Training and Seed Multiplication Farm, Jagodishpur, Chowgacha, Jessore initiated June 19, 2015 for the cropping season 2015-16 to observe the performance of cotton based cropping system including total three crops in a year. The other crops were i) relay wheat – mungbean and ii) relay lentil – mungbean. Four cotton varieties CB-12, CB-13, CB-14 and CB Hybrid-1 were sowed in a RCBD design with three replications. Seed cotton yield was significantly different among the varieties. The highest seed cotton yield (2519.3 kg/ha) was obtained from CB Hybrid-1 and the lowest (2112.37 kg/ha) seed cotton was produced by CB-13. The highest BCR (1.31) was observed in cotton (CB Hybrid-1) –relay lentil –mungbean cropping pattern and the lowest BCR (1.10) was observed in Cotton (CB-13) – relay wheat –mungbean cropping pattern. The finding infers that cotton – relay lentil - mungbean cropping pattern might have the potentiality to increase cropping intensity in Bangladesh. J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 11(1-2): 37-41 2018
The objective of this study was to determine the morphometric characteristics and sediment size distribution as affected by position witin the gullies at northern region of Iraq. The plan area, maximum depression depth, maximum length L and severity index for each gully unit were measured. The size distribution of each gully unit was analyzed mechanically for major grain size fractions and were characterized statistically using various type of statistical measures (median size, sorting, and skewness). The results showed that the addition of finer/coarse materials in 1 st and 2 nd catchments was deposited under the prevailing low and high energy conditions respectively. Moreover the ability of the surface soil to accept the accelerated erosion, in these catchments was related to the stability of aggregates to the shearing force of running water. On the basis of this assumption, we can be expected that, the soil loss in the 1 st gully catchment was greater than compared to 2nd, and it seems that the morphometric characteristics and sediment-grain size distribution alone would be insufficient for predicting soil loss from gullies.
The study was conducted on soils of Jazira area (North West Iraq) in the area between 200 and 400 mm isohytal lines to determine the relative distribution of non-erodible soil fractions NEF (with diameters> 0.84 mm). Four samples of surface soil at a depth of (0-10 cm) and four subsurface soil at depth of (10-20 cm) distributed in the four directions were taken during August and September 2001. The samples were taken for dry sieving using sieves with diameter 0.25, 0.42, 0.84, 1, 2, 4, 6.4, 10 and 20 mm and the size distribution for the soil fractions was determined according to its erodibility. Some of the statistical parameters were established to find out the symmetry and dispersion characterization of soil fractions in the studied areas. The results revealed that all the studied areas were characterized by the increase of their contents with the non-erodible factions. Thus a resistance against the wind erosion was set as their content of the non-erodible fractions was higher by 50%. Also, the dry mean weight diameter have seen to be higher than the critical limit of non-erodible soil fractions diameter .
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