PurposeCurrent evidence of whether napping promotes or declines cognitive functions among older adults is contradictory. The aim of this study was to determine the association between nap duration and cognitive functions among Saudi older adults.MethodsOld adults (> 60 years) were identified from the Covid-19 vaccine center at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia between May and August 2021. Face-to-face interviews were conducted by a geriatrician or family physicians. Data collected for each participant included sociodemographic, sleep patterns, health status and cognitive functions. St. Louis University mental status (SLUMS) was used to assess the cognitive functions. A multi-Linear regression model was used to determine the association between cognitive functions and nap duration.ResultsTwo-hundred participants (58 females) aged 66 ± 5 years were recruited. Participants were categorized according to their nap duration into non-nappers (0 min), short nappers (> 0- ≤ 30 min), moderate nappers (> 30–≤ 90 min), and extended nappers (> 90 min). The mean duration of the nap was 49.1 ± 58.4 min. The mean SLUMS score was 24.1 ± 4.7 units. Using the multi-linear regression model, the mean total SLUMS score for extended nappers was, on average, significantly lower than non-nappers [−2.16 units; 95% CI (−3.66, −0.66), p = < 0.01] after controlling for the covariates (age, sex, education level, sleep hours, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, pain).ConclusionsExtended napping was associated with deterioration in cognitive function among Saudi older adults.
Background Falls are dangerous to the health of older adults and can impact their functional status leading to frailty. The use of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) among older adults may lead to adverse health outcomes and increase the risk of falls. Polypharmacy increases the incidence of falls. Beers criteria by the American Geriatric Society is one of the many criteria used to detect PIMs. It assesses the appropriateness of drug prescriptions (i.e., correct dose, duration, and indications) to ensure the safety of these drugs, reducing drug interactions and decreasing the hazards of side effects. This epidemiological study aims to explore the association between polypharmacy and Beers criteria with the risk of falls in the elderly. Method A total of 387 outpatients aged 60 or older were interviewed in person. The patients were recruited from the University Hospital and the Family and Community Medicine Center in Khobar city, Saudi Arabia, between the period of November 2021 to March 2022. All patients were able to walk independently. The survey began by collecting patients’ demographics, gathering medication history, and asking three key questions to detect the risk of falls which was developed by the Center of Disease Control (CDC). Polypharmacy (defined as concurrent use of five or more medications) and PIMs (defined as use of one or more medications in the Beers list) were examined against risk of falls in the elderly. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to estimate adjusted Odds Ratios (ORs). Result A total of 387 patients participated in the study; 62% were male, and most participants belonged to the 60 < 65 years age category (47.80%). Among all patients, 55% had a high risk of falling, and 21% of patients had fell during the past year. Polypharmacy applied to 50.90% of all patients, while Beers criteria positive group applied to 51.42%. Risk of falls and prior falls were associated with polypharmacy both before and after adjustment. Conclusion The results showed a significant association between risk of falls with polypharmacy and PIMs, and more than half of our study population had a high risk of falls. Of those at a higher risk, one out of five had indeed experienced a fall in the last 12 months. Higher rates of falls were associated with older aged patients, lower educational levels, female gender, and cardiovascular medications.
Background: Falls are dangerous to the health of older adults and can impact their functional status leading to frailty. The use of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) among older adults lead to adverse health outcomes and increase the risk of falls. Polypharmacy is a state in which five medications, or more, are consumed concurrently. Polypharmacy increases the incidence of falls. Beers criteria by American Geriatric Society is one of the many criteria used to detect PIMs. It assesses the appropriateness of drug prescriptions i.e., correct dose, duration, and indications to ensure the safety of these drugs and decrease the hazards of side effects and reduce drug interactions. Method: A total of 387 outpatients aged 60 or older were physically interviewed, the patients were recruited from University Hospital and Family Medicine Center in Khobar city, Saudi Arabia, between the period of November 2021 to March 2022. All Patients were able to walk independently. The survey began by collecting patients’ demographics, medications history, three key questions to detect the risk of falls which was developed by the Center of Disease Control (CDC). Polypharmacy defined as (concurrent use of five or more medications), and PIMs defined as (use of one or more medication in the Beers list) were examined against risk of falls in elderly. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to adjust for confounders. Result: A total of 387 patients participated in the study, 62% were male, most participants belonged in the 60 < 65 years age category (47.80%). Among all patients, 55% had a high risk of falling and 21 % of patients had fell during the past year. Polypharmacy applied to 50.90% of all patients, while Beers criteria positive group applied to 51.42%. Risk of falls and prior falls were associated with polypharmacy both before and after adjustment.Conclusion: The results showed a significant association between risk of falls with polypharmacy and PIM’s, more than half of our study population had a high risk of falls. Of those at a higher risk, one out of five had indeed experienced a fall in the last 12 months. Higher rates of falls were associated with older age, lower educational levels, female gender, and cardiovascular medications.
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