Reading on the World Wide Web has become a daily habit nowadays. This can be seen from the perspective of changes on readers’ tendency to be more interested in materials from the internet, than the printed media. Taking these developments into account, it is important for web-based instructional designers to choose the appropriate font, especially for long blocks of text, in order to enhance the level of students’ readability. Accordingly, this study aims to evaluate the effects of serif and san serif font in the category of screen fonts and print fonts, in terms of Malay text readability on websites. For this purpose, four fonts were selected, namely Georgia (serif) and Verdana (san serif) for the first respondents and Times New Roman (serif) and Arial (san serif) for the second respondents. Georgia and Verdana were designed for computer screens display. Meanwhile, Times New Roman and Arial were originally designed for print media. Readability test on a computer screen was conducted on 48 undergraduates. Overall, the results showed that there was no significant difference between the redability of serif and san serif font of both screen display category and print display category. Accordingly, the research findings and the literature overview, suggest that Verdana and followed by Georgia as the better choice in displaying long text on websites. Likewise, as anticipated, Times New Roman and Arial fonts provide good readability for print media, which reinfoces their status as the printing font category. However, with the current computer screen capability, it can still be an alternative option for instructional web developers.

Abstract-Of late, mobile technology has introduced new, novel environment that can be capitalized to further enrich the teaching and learning process in classrooms. Taking cognizance of this promising setting, a study was undertaken to investigate the impact of such an environment enabled by android platform on the learning process among undergraduates of Sultan Idris Education University, Malaysia; in particular, this paper discusses critical aspects of the design and implementation of the android learning system. Data were collected through a survey involving 56 respondents, and these data were analyzed by using SPSS 12.0. Findings showed that the respondents were very receptive to the interactivity, accessibility, and convenience of the system, but they were quite frustrated with the occasional interruptions due to internet connectivity problems. Overall, the mobile learning system can be utilized as an inexpensive but potent learning tool that complements undergraduates' learning process.

An experimental study involving 30 undergraduates (mean age = 20.5 years) in mental rotation (MR) training was conducted in an interactive Desktop Mental Rotation Trainer (iDeMRT). Stratified random sampling assigned students into one experimental group and one control group. The former trained in iDeMRT and the latter trained in conventional condition. A multifactorial pretest posttest design procedure was used and data were analysed using twoway analysis of covariance. Overall, there was substantial improvement in MR accuracy. Main effects of training and gender were observed, indicating that iDeMRT group and boys outperformed the control group and girls respectively. In addition, an interaction between training method and gender was present, indicating that boys were more accurate when trained in iDeMRT and performed moderately in conventional method. Female participants achieved equivalent improvement gain in MR accuracy regardless of the training conditions used. For the speed measure of MR, no appreciable improvement was observed after training. IntroductionSpatial ability is generally accepted to be related to skills involving the retrieval, retention and transformation of visual information in a spatial context (Halpern, 2000).

Reading are essential skills for every children to enable them acquire a knowledge, Unfortunately a significant numbers of children in Malaysia and other countries faced reading difficulties. In the advancement of mobile technology, mobile application seem have a great potential to enhance reading skills among young children. However, most of existing application for early reading in market are less the attribute of well design mobile application for young children. This paper aimed to review and analysis the needs of a framework of mobile application for kindergarten early reading. The finding revealed a weighty current literature discuss regarding the needs of a framework of mobile application for kindergarten early reading. As a conclusion, an empirical study are needs to explore the vital elements for formulating a framework.

The paper reports the findings from an experimental research study based on the pretest–posttest control group design, which examined the differential outcomes of spatial ability training attributed to training condition and gender. The study sample was comprised of 98 eighth graders (36 girls, 62 boys). The first experimental group (EG1) trained in interaction condition, the second experimental group (EG2) trained in animation condition, and the control group (CG) used printed materials. The groups underwent eight 2-hour weekly sessions, and the Spatial Visualization test and a survey questionnaire were used to collect the research data. Data were analyzed using the SPSS version 16.0. The findings reveal that spatial ability can be trained and interaction is the most effective condition. An interaction effect is observed with boys, who attained performance gains differentially, whereas girls are condition-neutral. Implications of the findings are also discussed.

Routing in MANET is a challenging task due to the dynamic nature of the participating nodes in MANET. This challenge has led to the development of many different routing protocols, with each originator claiming that his or her proposed protocol was more effective than its predecessors were. Nonetheless, the effectiveness of these protocols relies on the prevailing network scenarios, which differ in terms of node density and traffic. Against this challenging backdrop, the authors provide an overview of the different MANET protocols, such as OLSR, AODV, DSR, DSDV, ZRP and TORA, which are broadly classified based on three categories, namely Proactive (table-driven), Reactive (on-demand) and Hybrid routing protocol. The authors then provide a comparative analysis of the different protocols based on qualitative metrics. This paper concludes by highlighting the expected performance of each protocol for a particular network environment, which is deemed suitable based on the specific characteristics of the protocol.

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Currently, many institutions are using expensive proprietary learning management systems LMSs . Open source LMSs have been introduced to offer affordable solutions however, these solutions have not been fully embraced. The researchers undertook a study to examine the differences between these two types of LMSs. This study used a survey to collect data pertaining to perceived benefit, LMS use, and learner satisfaction. The survey sample comprised information technology IT major undergraduates from two Malaysian universities. Two groups were set up based on the LMSs used, where the first group n = and the second group n = used the proprietary and open source solutions, respectively. Students were asked to fill out a questionnaire to elicit their opinions concerning constructs perceived benefit, use, and learner satisfaction, and data were analyzed using SPSS ver. .Independent sample t-tests were performed, indicating that there were significant differences in the three constructs, which favored the open source solution. Correlational analysis showed that each construct correlated significantly with each other, suggesting that each contributes to the overall effectiveness of the system. These findings reinforce the imperative of deploying open source learning solutions that are not only affordable but also effective to support students' needs for effective online learning.