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In this study, the fluid structure interaction (FSI) method was utilized to investigate the hemodynamic effects between normal aorta and aorta with Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI) of paravalvular leakage (PVL). A 3D model of patient specific aorta with annulus diameter of 27.3 mm was developed using MIMICS software. In this research, a similar TAVI valve model by referring to SXT 26 Edwards SAPIENT valve was drawn using CATIA software with valve opening of 100%. The two way of fluid structure interaction analysis has been performed using ANSYS 14.5 software (ANSYS Inc. Canonsburg, PA, USA). The results revealed that the undersized TAVI valve lead to PVL. It was noticed that the PVL happened at the gap in-between the TAVI valve and annulus diameter which is not completely round in shape. This phenomenon produced recirculation flow at the right side of ascending aorta after the flow passing through the valve. It has been proven that the PVL caused a huge impact on the losses of the mass flow rate and also recirculation of blood flow which may lead to blood thrombosis. Furthermore, the data shows that PVL causes higher aortic wall deformation instead of normal aortic condition and may lead to migration of the valve. Consequently, PVL may cause other serious problems such as stroke, arrhythmias and coronary ischemia, which required reoperation.

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Leak detection in transmission pipelines is crucially essential for safe operation. Pipeline leak detection systems play a crucial role to minimize the probability of occurrence of leaks and hence their impacts. The distribution pipelines in case of urban water supply need to monitor for contaminants such as microbial growth, internal corrosion of the pipe's material and other deposits. In addition to the loss of water resources, the contaminant can be infiltrated into the piping system. These contaminants affect not only the quality of the water but also the smoothness of the water pipe flow due to the pressure loss and additional frictions. Therefore, it is essential that this problem be quickly detected and repaired. Today there are many available technologies in the domain of leak detection. This paper will provide you with a fundamental understanding of the operating principles of currently available pipeline leak detection technologies.