BACKGROUND: The proportion of short and very short toddlers in Indonesia is 30.8%. East Java is among the 18 provinces with high prevalence (30%–<40%), having made Malang Regency included among the 100 regencies/cities prioritized for intervention. AIM: This study aimed to analyze sociodemographic and nutritional factors affecting toddler’s stunting in Malang Regency, Indonesia. DESIGN AND METHODS: A case–control analytic survey research with retrospective approach was used: An epidemiologic observation design to study the effect of exposures to diseases or other health problems occurrences. The investigation was conducted during July to August time period through observation, weight measurement and interview in order to collect the data about mother’s knowledge, childcare practices, household food security, healthcare services, access to clean water, economic and socio-cultural background, parenting practices, and causes of stunting. The data were processed using SPSS 16.0, bivariate analysis (Chi-square), and multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regression testing with odds ratio and confidence interval calculation. RESULTS: Parenting practices of the toddlers were not ideal, with only 60% of mothers had good knowledge about stunting. About 76% of the stunted toddlers’ households had insecure food availability and security. Up to 98% of the mothers with stunted toddlers received blood-boosting tablets during pregnancy from health-care services; however, interview results disclosed that they were not consumed. As many as, 98% of the households got access to clean water from Malang Municipal Waterworks and 2% from closed well. A total of 96% of the households made income fewer than Malang Regency’s minimum wage. The stunted toddlers’ households who had eating restrictions during pregnancy and breastfeeding were 13%. Most stunted toddlers as many as 76% were taken care of by their biological mothers, while the remaining 24% by grandmothers or other relatives. Thus, the causes of stunting from the most to the least dominant were as follows: Household’s income, exclusive breastfeeding, household size, father’s education, mother’s nutritional knowledge, household’s food security, mother’s level of education, toddler’s energy intake, appropriate feedings of weaning food, toddler’s fat intake, toddler’s history of infectious diseases, sociocultural background, toddler’s protein intake, mother’s occupation, household’s nutritional awareness behavior, and the completeness of immunization. CONCLUSION: Stunting main risk factors are household income, size, history of breastfeeding, father’s education and occupation. Factors which are not significantly related to stunting include household nutritional awareness and behavior, hygiene, socio-economic status, energy and micronutrients intake, toddler’s food and vitamin A compliment, toddler’s status and characteristics, and maternal health services.
Speaking plays both roles as process and objective of learning in language classroom aimed at preparing future communication competence of students. Using Vlog as speaking activities to demonstrate ideas and knowledge can be recreational for the millennial generation. However, grammatical forms and pronunciation accuracy are often neglected areas in such tasks, hence students’ grammatical competence and pronunciation accuracy are not as well developed as their fluency in speaking. The current study innovated to combine Vlog-speaking activities with individualized pronunciation and grammar feedbacks from the teacher in order to not just elevate the millennial students’ Vlog talk performance, but also increase wellness of grammatical forms, accuracy of pronunciation, and clarity of content, hence boost higher confidence. The study measured the effectiveness of this holistic instruction in improving students’ English public speaking skill, and investigated how the students perceived the Vlog task, the individualized grammar feedback, and pronunciation feedback from the teacher. Sixty-two students of health from two equal intact classes at Politeknik Kesehatan Malang were involved as experimental and control groups in the quasi-experiment study. The result of statistical analysis showed that the speech performance of the experimental students was significantly higher than the conventional lecture-treatment control group. In addition, the experimental students’ products of speech seemed to be very creative, fun, and attractive. The results also showed that students had very positive perspectives towards Vlog task although challenging because they felt it could develop their English communication skills
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