Aroma is an important grain quality trait of aromatic rice, controlled by a recessive gene which increases the accumulation of numerous volatile compounds to produce it. The aroma quality of rice grain also depends on the cultivation practice, genetic condition, environmental components and their interaction. Among the environmental components, the temperature is the vital component that can affect the aroma quality and chemical composition of aromatic rice. This study assessed the effects of different temperatures (ambient or 28°C, 25°C and 20°C) for the volatile profile and aroma quality of five aromatic and a nonaromatic rice genotypes by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and organoleptic test. The results indicated that the aromatic rice genotypes contained more volatile compounds (15 compounds) and displayed the maximum aroma score (Score 4) at the 25°C temperature than ambient and 20°C temperature. The obtained information will be helpful for exploring possible reasons for variation in the biochemical composition as well as aroma quality of a genotype which might be used to improve grain quality of aromatic rice.
A s s is ta n t P rofessor, D e p a r tm e n t o f A c c o u n tin g I n te r n a tio n a l I sla m ic U n iv e r s ity M a la y s ia suhaiza@iiu.edu.my
Khairuddin Abdul Rashid
P rofessor, D e p a rtm e n t o f A c c o u n tin gIn te r n a tio n a l Isla m ic U n iv e r sity M a la y s ia
AbstractThe
Construction industry is continuously being accused with common issues such as low performance, corruptions, spillages, bad practices in addition to common project failures despite advances in project management tools and techniques. This further adds to the existing and increasing complex and multi-facets business environment in construction projects that has resulted in the increasing pressure and challenges faced by project leaders and project managers today. Researchers in project management literature calls for more project leadership research as leadership now is increasingly recognised as project success factor. Ethical dilemma and leadership crisis facing the project managers and business organisations reveals the shortcomings and inadequacies of the conventional non-Islamic leadership that is believed to be or that has not fully considered the religious, spiritual, moral and ethical dimensions. Examples of these theories of leadership are authentic leadership, servant leadership and ethical leadership. Therefore, recent trend from literature has implicitly suggested a new form of leadership for construction project manager which is spiritual, moral, values and ethical form of leadership. The uniqueness of Islam is that it does not separate religion and other aspects of human life activities. Construction and project activities are part of the whole economic and social transactions of a nation and thus it is part of Islam. Project management in particular leadership awaits divine intervention that is tied to God consciousness and accords with values and principles prescribed in the Quran and Sunnah. This research is intended to overcome the spiritual and religious shortcomings of the present leadership models by proposing an Islamic perspective of leadership for construction project manager.
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