Background. Neuronal apoptosis is the major cause of diabetes central neuropathy, but its role in volumetric changes of hippocampus has not been clarified. The aims of this study were to assess the role of apoptosis in volumetric changes of dentate gyrus (DG) and CA3 region of hippocampus and to determine a reference point in which these neuropathological changes reach a meaningful level. Methods and Materials. Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats (N = 10) by streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). Six weeks after diabetes, verification animals were divided into four groups as follows: diabetic treated with insulin (3–5 U), diabetic treated with vitamin C (80 mg/kg), and diabetic and control groups. At the end of 8 weeks, numerical density of apoptotic neurons and volume of dentate gyrus and CA3 were calculated by stereological methods. Results. The number of apoptotic neurons in DG and CA3 in diabetic group showed significant level of difference in comparison with the control (P < 0.001). The volume of DG and CA3 in diabetic and vitamin C showed significant level of difference compared with control (P < 0.001). Conclusion. Our results suggest that DG and CA3 volume reduction begins and progresses independently of neuronal loss.
Introduction: Studies have shown that even acute single dose of ketamine is associated with neurodegeneration in hippocampus. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of chronic exposure to ketamine on hippocampus proper in young adult male rats. Materials and Method: Twenty young adult male wistar rats weighing 120-150 g were randomly divided into two groups. Experimental group received ketamine intraperitoneally at the dose of 10mg/kg for one week. The control animals only received saline. At the end ofweek animals were anesthetized and the hippocampus and adrenal were harvested for further study. Results: Cytological examination of cresyl violet stained sections of ketamine group showed dark neurons in CA4 region. The number of dark neurons in CA4 (15±3) showed meaningful difference with control (P<0.001). The weight ofwet brain in ketamine group (1.34±0.04 gr) showed significant level of difference in comparison with those of control (1.6±.2gr) (P<0.05). The presence of oligodendrocytes aggregation around degenerating and healthy looking neurons was only recognized in ketamine group. Also in ketamine exposed animals, hypertrophic astrocytes especially in white matter hilar region, were observed. Conclusion: According to our findings it could be concluded repeated or chronic ketamine use is associated neurodegeneration in CA4region of hippocampus and sever glial reaction.
We report on an extremely rare case of multiple absences of the branches of abdominal aorta with congenital absence of the portal vein, unilateral adrenal agenesis and persistent ductus arteriosus in an adult female cadaver. Specifically, instead of celiac trunk, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries, solely a single arterial trunk aroused from the anterior aspect of abdominal aorta, inferior phrenic and ovarian arteries were absent in both sides. Left kidneys drained by two veins. There were not superior, splenic and mesenteric veins, while left renal vein received an additional vein, which run downward and drained primarily all parts of digestive tract and its associated glands (portal vein did not exist). Right adrenal gland was absent. To the best of our knowledge, it is the only reported case with such widespread anomalies. We think the importance of this case is beyond the surgical consideration and needs more profound developmental studies.
Background & Objective: Amygdal is a subcortical nucleus of limbic system that has a pivotal role in behavioral, vegetative and endocrine activities. Sexual dimporphism in some amygdale nuclei have been investigated. The aim of this study was to answer this query: does the total volume of amygdale nucleus differ in two sex morphometrically? Material & Methods: This study was conducted on Adult wistar rats (male and female N=10 per group, 8weeks old, weight 240-260 gr). Brains were removed and fixed in formalin 10% and in 10 µm sections were prepared by microtome. After staining with cresyl violet 1% the boundary of amygdal was defined and its volume calculated with cavalieri method Results: The volume of amygdala nucleus was estimated 2.07 ± 0.12mm3 in male rats and 1.57± 0.11 mm3 in female rats (P<0.05). Conclusion: Based on our finding the total volume of amygdala nucleus in male rats is larger than those of female rats that suggest the sexual dimorphism of amygdala nucleus between tow genders .These findings may have implications for developmental studies dimorphisms in human amygdala.
Introduction Bilateral unusual course of the median nerve accompanied with variations of the brachial artery branching pattern are uncommon.
Materials and Methods During the routine educational dissection of an upper limb, an interesting neurovascular variation was found in a 45-year-old male cadaver.
Results We found a bilateral unusual and variant course of the median nerve in the arm region. The right median nerve, after formation, descended from the medial to the brachial artery, crossed the brachial artery anteriorly from medial to lateral, then inferiorly and lied medially to the distal third of the brachial artery, while the left median nerve ran medial to the brachial artery, passing anteriorly from medial to lateral, and, at the distal end of the arm, it buried itself in the brachialis muscle. Another set of findings were absence of the superior and inferior ulnar collateral arteries, superficial ulnar artery in the forearm and common interosseus artery originated from radial artery.
Conclusion These types of compound neurovascular variations are of great importance in orthopedic, vascular, reconstructive surgeries and even in routine nursing care.
Phrenic nerve provides the major motor supply to diaphragm. Various anatomical variations in the course and distribution of the phrenic nerve have reported before. Here we report a rare bilateral asymmetric variation in the roots of origin of the phrenic nerve and absence of fibrous pericardium in an old male cadaver. Specifically, the right phrenic nerve was arising from the upper trunk of the brachial plexus (C5) and the left side nerve originated from the supraclavicular nerve and a tiny branch from C5. In the same cadaver both sides phrenic nerve were buried in the mediastinal pleura. Another interesting finding was absence of the fibrous pericardium. To the best of our knowledge the presented case showed a very rare variation in the roots of origin of the phrenic nerve accompanied with pericardial anomaly which has been less reported. We think such case is of practical importance during supraclavicular block during anesthesia
Background
CHARGE syndrome is a life-threatening congenital anomaly. The syndrome associations consist of coloboma, heart disease, atresia of the choanae, retarded growth and development, genital hypoplasia/genitourinary anomalies, and ear anomalies and or hearing loss. The aim of this paper is to describe and discuss a rare case of CHARGE syndrome.
Case presentation
During the routine dissection, atrial septal defect, overriding aorta from both ventricles, patent ductus arteriosus, duodenal anomaly, absent pancreas, right side descending and sigmoid, intestinal herniation in lesser sac, and left kidney anomaly were observed.
Conclusions
This rare case is of importance in re-considering the criteria of CHARGE and understanding the importance of the orchestrated morphologic driving forces of embryonic development.
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