The structure of nematode eggshell indicates that proteases and chitinases are necessary for infection by nematophagous fungi, and most of them produce these enzymes. Therefore the aim of this study was to assay chitinase activity in 34 isolates of various species of fungi obtained from golden potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis), as the most important potato pest, over two days of fungal growth (24 and 96 h). Chitinase specific activity was determined by measuring the release of reducing saccharides from colloidal chitin by the N-acetylglucosamine-dinitrosalicylate method at 540 nm. Colorimetry based on image processing technique was used to discover colour changes in minimal synthetic medium for validation of chitinase activity. The 34 isolates were identified based on morphological and molecular features including internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of ribosomal DNA. Results of the chitinase specific activity measurement showed the chitinase specific activity in all of them for 96 h was higher than for 24 h. Among isolates, the maximum and minimum chitinase specific activity respectively belonged to isolate 154 (0.56 U mg -1 ) and isolate 6 (0.15 U mg -1 ) in 24 h, also isolate 113 (1.02 U mg -1 ) and isolate 6 (0.40 U mg -1 ) in 96 h. Colorimetric results confirmed that enzyme activity was associated with colour changes. The 34 fungal isolates were classified in 11 genera most of which belonged to Fusarium. Finally, two isolates, 113 (Fusarium oxysporum) and 154 (Trichoderma atroviridae), with the highest chitinase enzyme activity are introduced as potent isolates to control the golden potato cyst nematode that can be used for chitinase enzyme production which is supposed to be used in commercial formulation.
Background: Radiation dermatitis (RD) is a common side effect of radiotherapy in most breast cancer patients. Curcumin has recently attracted more attention for managing the side effects of breast cancer treatments. This review study aimed to investigate the effect of curcumin on the severity of radiation dermatitis in patients with breast cancer. Methods: All eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were collected by searching PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science. The effect size was expressed as weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Study heterogeneity was assessed through Q statistics and I-squared. Results: Four RCTs with 882 patients were included in the final analysis. The results of the meta-analysis indicated that curcumin supplementation significantly reduced radiation dermatitis severity (RDS) score in the intervention group compared to the control group (WMD=-0.50; 95% CI -0.72 to -0.27, P <0.001). A significant heterogeneity was observed between the studies (I 2 = 95.7%, P < 0.001).
Conclusion:Based on the results of the present study, curcumin has significant effects in reducing the severity of radiation dermatitis in breast cancer patients receiving radiotherapy. Further well-designed longitudinal studies are recommended to confirm these results and to discover the underlying mechanisms of the effects of curcumin on the severity of radiation dermatitis in patients with cancer.
The aim of this research was to enhance heat stress tolerance potential in local tomato germplasm through exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) and calcium chloride (CaCl2). Various concentrations of salicylic acid (e.g., control, 2.5 mM, 3.5 mM and 4.5 mM) and calcium chloride (e.g., control, 0.3 mM, 0.4 mM and 0.5 mM) were applied for the duration of forty days. Physiological parameters include (stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and water use efficiency) as well as biochemical attributes (chlorophyll content, enzyme activities of catalase, peroxidase and superoxidase dismutase) of selected tomato genotypes estimated under heat stress conditions. The results revealed that SA and CaCl2 application enhanced vegetative growth of tomato genotypes as compared with control plants. An increased concentration of SA and CaCl2 showed the improved photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content and induced transpiration rate and stomatal conductance and antioxidant enzyme activity. The study proved that foliar spray of SA and CaCl2 involved in stabilizing the cell as well as cellular integrity under heat stress environment.
One hundred and fifty-four fungal isolates were compared for their ability to degrade chitin by the N-acetylglucosamine-dinitrosalicylate method. Ten isolates with high chitinase activity were selected for further characterization. Of the 10 selected isolates, three chitinase enzymes were evaluated using three substrates. Based on the results of our chitinase assay, Beauveria bassiana, Lecanicillium muscarium, Paecilomyces sp. and Trichoderma atroviridae had the highest activity. We selected these four isolates to determine the optimum pH, temperature, and reaction time. Zymography was also used to demonstrate the chitinase activity of the four isolates. The biocontrol potential of 10 selected isolates was assayed in water-agar in vitro and under greenhouse conditions. L. muscarium had the most potential and Fusarium solani was the least based on the number of parasitized juveniles and eggs in water-agar. Greenhouse trials showed T. atroviridae and B. bassiana had the highest dry root weight and tuber yield.
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