Nowadays, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and osteoporosis have become crucial health-related issues globally. CKD-induced osteoporosis is a systemic disease characterized by the disruption of mineral, hormone, and vitamin homeostasis that elevates the likelihood of fracture. Here, we review recent studies on the association of CKD and osteoporosis. In particular, we focus on the pathogenesis of CKD-associated osteoporosis, including the homeostasis and pathways of several components such as parathyroid hormone, calcium, phosphate, vitamin D, fibroblast growth factor, and klotho, as well as abnormal bone mineralization, remodeling, and turnover. In addition, we explore the diagnostic tools and possible therapeutic approaches for the management and prevention of CKD-associated osteoporosis. Patients with CKD show higher osteoporosis prevalence, greater fracture rate, increased morbidity and mortality, and an elevated occurrence of hip fracture. We also rule out that increased severity of CKD is related to a more severe condition of osteoporosis. Furthermore, supplements such as calcium and vitamin D as well as lifestyle modifications such as exercise and cessation of smoking and alcohol help in fracture prevention. However, new approaches and advancements in treatment are needed to reduce the fracture risk in patients with CKD. Therefore, further collaborative multidisciplinary research is needed in this regard.
The current paper examines some novel and interesting aspects of the fractional biological population model involving the efficacious Atangana-Baleanu fractional derivative operator. It assists us in comprehending the dynamical techniques of population changes in biological population models and generates precise prognostication. This technique correlates with the Elzaki transform method and the homotopy perturbation method. The Elzaki transform is a modification of the classical Fourier Laplace transform. The approximate-analytical solutions of the biological population model are examined using the Elzaki transform homotopy perturbation method (ETHPM). The exact solution of the aforesaid scheme is being investigated in terms of the Mittag-Leffler function. The role of fractional-order on spatial diffusion of a biological population model is demonstrated in two and three-dimensional surface plots. The comparative analysis between exact and numerical solutions reveals the innovative features of the composite fractional derivative in the discussed model. Furthermore, the proposed approach is very powerful, reliable, wellorganized, and pragmatic for fractional PDEs and it might be extended to other physical processes.
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