Objective: This research identifies effective and ineffective interventions for reducing barriers to the uptake of eye care services in developing countries. Design: Systematic literature review. Setting: Only research studies done in developing countries were included. Method: The review is restricted to English-language articles published between 1997 and 2007. It includes studies that reported randomized trials (controlled and uncontrolled) and surveys with some form of outcome measure, with or without process evaluation. The literature search was conducted on six electronic databases. Data were extracted and synthesized using a standard data extraction form. A narrative synthesis was carried out for the purpose of this review. The quality of the included trials was assessed by CRD guidelines and Crombie’s checklist. The applicability of research findings was evaluated by the RE-AIM model. Results: One randomized cluster trial and nine surveys were critically appraised. Three multi-faceted interventions were judged effective while another three were found ineffective. Two out of the three effective interventions used service provision and educational input. Two out of the three ineffective interventions also used service provision alongside other methods including screening and counselling. Findings of effective interventions were generalizable. Conclusion: The review suggests that eye health education and service provision lessen the barriers to service uptake and increase the uptake of eye care services. The role of counselling and screening services needs further review by large and good-quality studies.
<b><i>Background:</i></b> Nurses constitute half of the health workforce; their health could be at risk for chronic diseases, such as prediabetes and diabetes, as well as other occupational hazards, such as nurses’ stress. Health promotion, possibly workplace based, presents opportunities to safeguard the health of nurses. Using a prediabetes risk assessment tool for screening the nurses is important to ensure that they remain physically and mentally fit to perform their work and to comply with various health and safety regulations. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of prediabetes and its risk among nurses in Dubai Hospital and to study risk factors associated with prediabetes status. <b><i>Methodology:</i></b> A cross-sectional study was carried out in Dubai Hospital-Dubai Health Authority. A convenience sample was selected including 674 nurses estimated using OpenEpi software. Data was collected using a standardized diabetes risk assessment tool (The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score [FINDRISC]). Inclusion criteria were staff nurses working in Dubai Hospital in the age group from 25 to 64 years and nondiabetic staff in Dubai Hospital; an operational definition of prediabetes was used. The data were coded, and data entry and data analysis were made using SPSS 20 software version. The data were tested at a level of significance of 95%. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The study revealed that 42.7% of the participants had a low prediabetes risk, 38.4% had a slightly elevated prediabetes risk, 10.8% had a moderate prediabetes risk, 7.6% had a high prediabetes risk, and 0.5% had a very high prediabetes risk. Age, body mass index, waist circumference, history of antihypertensive drug treatment, history of high blood glucose, family history of diabetes, daily consumption of fruits, berries, or vegetables, and daily physical activity had a significant relationship with the prediabetes test (<i>p</i> < 0.01). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Frequent testing is recommended to follow the risk score. Since we cannot control unmodifiable factors, such as age and family history, we can control modifiable factors, such as having a healthy lifestyle with healthy food and exercise to decrease the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Health promotion and education can decrease the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Introduction: Second hand smoke (SHS) is reported to cause 890,000 deaths annually worldwide. It is also a known cause of serious complications in pregnancy. The current study intends to fill in some of the knowledge gap for further research & effective public health interventions. Objective: To estimate the magnitude of exposure to second hand smoke and assess awareness about it among pregnant women visiting four selected tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar. Materials & Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at four tertiary hospitals of Peshawar from 1st January to 1st March 2018. Non-probability serial sample of 410 pregnant women was taken. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were analysed for descriptive statistics using SPSS version 22. Results: A total of 410 pregnant women were included. The mean age was 21 + 4 years; 149 (36.3%) of the total subjects were exposed to SHS, highest frequency (49%) being in age group 26-35 years. Exposure to SHS was highest (39%) among illiterate ladies; 92% of the subjects were exposed to SHS at home, the main source being their husbands (46%); 40.7% of the subjects were aware of the adverse effects of SHS on fetus, younger (p=0.01) & more educated women (p=0.001) being more likely to be aware. Conclusions: Exposure of pregnant women to second hand smoke is a public health concern in Peshawar, being more likely among younger, less educated, unaware women, and housewives.
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