Variance and invariance residing in multi-individual movement of zebrafish under chemical stress were addressed concurrently before and after treatment with formaldehyde. Variance was observed in movement parameters. Without treatment, linear speed was highest in groups with two-individuals, followed by those with one-and four-individuals. Following treatment, linear speed decreased significantly in groups with one-and two-individuals, but not in those with four-individuals. Inter-distances between two-individuals in groups with two-individuals decreased markedly after treatment, whereas inter-distances between two randomly selected individuals in the groups with four-individuals were not affected. The zero-and peak-values in the time-lag of autocorrelation of inter-distances decreased further after treatment in groups of two individuals relative to those in groups of four individuals. However, the empirical transition probability matrix between predefined behavioral patterns remained invariant among groups with different numbers of individuals as well as before and after treatment. Variance and invariance in multi-individual behaviors are suitable in expressing complex behaviors under chemical stress and could be a reference for detecting contaminants in the environment using indicator species.
Since the outbreak of SAR-CoV-2 infections in Wuhan (China), researched communication is on race to investigate the specific antiviral drug for Covid-19 treatment. 3CLpro main protease is chosen as a protein target because of its high value in preventing the SAR-CoV-2 viral replications. In this study, we hereby aim to clarify the efficiency of Penciclovir in inhibiting the mechanic of 3CLpro target of SAR-CoV-2. Using docking simulation and molecular dynamic simulation (SMD), the interaction of Penciclovir with 3CLpro target was investigated. The results show that Penciclovir strongly interacts with 3CLpro target, and the non-binding interaction plays a more important role than hydrogen bonding in the steady state of the receptor-ligand conformation.
Movement behavior of zebrafish (Danio rerio) was analysed according to different sizes of observation arena (four sizes:and ). The observation arena was separated into corner, boundary and central areas based on experimental data. The results showed that the shapes of the corner, boundary and central areas were accordingly different in different sizes of the arena. Individuals stayed in the boundary zone for a substantial proportion (approximately 55-58 %) of the observation period while in the corner zone they stayed for the shortest time period (approximately 12-14 %). Movement parameters (speed, acceleration, etc.) of each individual varied in different areas on different sizes and speed was highest in the size of while acceleration was highest in the size of . These reveal that the movement behaviors of zebrafish were affected by different sizes of arenas, at larger sizes they move more actively compared to smaller sizes. However, Transition probability matrices (TPMs) of moving between different areas in the observation were stable. These findings imply that there is a stereotypic inner state that maintains basic behaviors in animals. Information from this work would provide backgrounds of real-life process mechanism and would be useful for monitoring in response to environmental changes in practical aspect and be applicable to a wide range of fields including pharmacology, neurology, and genetics.
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