To investigate the dual beneficial effect of C. vulgaris as biofertilizer and antimicrobial agent in the form of nano particles. The antibacterial effect of aqueous extract was investigated by diffusion disk bioassay against five pathogenic bacterial strains. The plant growth promoting effect was investigated by performing germination tests on three types of seeds and measuring their morphometric growth parameters. The silver nanoparticles biosynthetic ability of alga was investigated by incubating with silver nitrate solution. The biogenic nanosilver was tested against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aereus(MRSA). The antibacterial effect of the extract, despite being derived from a miniscule biomass, was detected against all pathogenic strains. The inhibition zones ranged from 0.7 to 1 cm. In addition, the aqueous extract was effective bio-fertiliser that resulted in a significant increase in germination percentage and growth parameters of Eruca sativa, Lepidium sativum and Vigna radiata seedlings. Furthermore, the silver nanoparticles were observed to form both intra-and extracellularly. The UV-visible spectrum of nanoparticles showed a characteristic broad peak at 421-425 nm, while IR showed the presence of-1 characteristic signal at 3297cm. The nanosilver particles were effective antimicrobial agents against multi-drug resistant MRSA. The results emphasize the multiple potential of C. vulgaris, which indicates its great potential if grown on a large scale for mass production. The present research also sheds some light on the potential of microflora inhabiting this rather underexplored part of the world. Antibacterial, Bio-fertilizer, Chlorella vulgaris, Silver nanoparticle
Two Lyzimeter experiments were conducted at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt, for two seasons, 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 Lyzimeters (100 x 70 x 90 cm) were filled with clayey soil and irrigated with three water treatments since twenty three years ago. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of irrigation water quality for long-term on productivity of four barely varieties (Giza123, 124, 126 and Giza129). Three irrigation water qualities; Nile water (W1), polluted drainage water (W3) and mixed water; W2 (50% W1 + 50% W3) used for irrigation to study its effects on barely contents from four heavy metals Ni, Cd, Pb and Cu and some soil characteristics. A split-plot design with four replicates was used where, water treatments and varieties were allocated to main and sub-plots, respectively. The obtained results showed that: Using poor water quality for irrigation increased ECe, SAR, soluble cations and anions in soil paste extract and DTPA extractable heavy metals in soils (Cu, Ni, Cd and Pb) than that of mixed or good water quality. Highly significant differences of yield and yield components among barely varities were found due to irrigation water treatments and its contents of heavy metals. Straw heavy metals content were higher than that of grains. The results showed that Giza 123 was more tolerant variety to drainage and mixed water and its lower or higher contents of Ni, Pb and Cu. No significant differences were found among Cd content for all studied barley varieties. The heavy metals content of barley varieties from can be arranged as follow: With Pb: v2< v3 < v1
To understand the genetic patterns of the physio-morphological traits for barley grain yield, six-generations (P 1 , P 2 , F 1 , F 2 , BC 1 , and BC 2 ) were used to determine the type of gene action in the four barley crosses. Grain yield showed a strong positive association (r = 0.83 and 1) with Grain Filling Rate in Giza121/RIL1 and Giza126/RIL2 crosses, respectively. The relationship between yield and earliness was not consistent with crosses and positive (r) values were quite low. It should be possible to select early-maturing and high-yielding segregates with high 100-kernel weight. The results indicated that the dominance effect [dd] was more important and greater than the additive effect [aa] and [ad] for most traits. Positive heterosis over the mid-and better-parent was quite similar for the most traits, except for heading and maturity dates, that showed negative heterotic effects. The inbreeding depression was high significant and positive for Grain Filling Rate, chlorophyll contents, Flag Leaf area and 100-kernel weight. On the other hand, it was a negatively significant for the earliness trait (HD, MD, and GFP). The lack of uniformity for estimates of inbreeding depression can be explained by environmental variation and to its influence on the type of gene action. Narrow-sense heritability ranged from 13.3% for Grain Filling Period in Giza12/RIL1 to 66.6% for heading dates in Giza121/RIL2 crosses. Genetic advance estimates were low due to lack of additive variance. The crosses Giza121/RIL1 and Giza126/RIL2 would be of interest in a breeding program, for improving characteristics of earliness, yield, and its components.Keywords: Hordeum vulgare L., type of gene action, heterosis, heritability IntroductionBarley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a crop with great adaptive potential in many regions of the world. In areas which have only a brief rainy season, growers can obtain a harvest mainly because this crop has advantages in aspects such as salt tolerance, frost tolerance in the early period of development, drought tolerance, etc. Breeding for quantitative traits in early generations is impeded by several factors such as polygenic nature and low heritability of a trait (grain yield, the number of spikes per plant, etc.), linkage, non-additive gene effects and environmental effects (Harlan, 1976).In order to overcome these difficulties, it is necessary to get as much information as possible about the genetic structure of breeding population undergoing selection (Sharma et al., 2003). This means identifying the gene effects that control the inheritance of a trait of interest and contributing to the exploitable genetic variance of the population.Grain yield increase would be effectively rested with the basis of the capabilities of yield components and other closely associated traits. In cereal crops, the upper three leaves on the stem, especially the uppermost leaf, i.e., flag leaf, are the primary source of carbohydrate production. The flag leaf could contribute a large proportion of the carbohydrates...
Grain yield and its components and some growth attributes were studied at Sakha Agriculture Research Station during the three successive seasons 2008/09, 2009/10 and 2010/11, to determine the type of gene effects by using the six populations (P1, P2 , F1 , F2, BC 1 and BC2) of five barley crosses, namely: cross 1 (Giza 121 × Line 1); cross 2 (Giza 121 × Line 2); cross 3 (Giza 126 × Line 1), cross 4 (Giza 126 × Line 1) and cross 5 (Line 1× Line 2). Generation means were significantly different for all studied traits in all crosses; the mean for F1 values exceeded the mid parent for all studied traits in the five crosses for days to heading and days to maturity, were earlier than the mid-parent, indicating partial dominance. The F2 values were approximately equal to the mid parent values and less than the F1 mean values, indicating that inbreeding depression has occurred. BC1 and BC2 mean values varied according to the trait itself, it was in the direction of their respective recurrent parents for the studied characters with some exceptions. Results, in general indicated presence of non-allelic interaction for all studied traits in all crosses under study; the additive effect was more important and greater than the dominance effect for most traits. Among the epistatic components, dominance × dominance was greater in the magnitudes than additive × additive and additive × dominance in the most studied traits. Positive heterotic effects relative to the mid-parent were found for most of the traits in the five crosses, except for heading and maturity dates that showed negative heterotic effects. Also positive heterotic effects relative to the better parent were found for the most of crosses. Heritability estimates in narrow sense were low to moderate for the studied characters in all crosses, ranged from 16.37% for spike length in the fifth cross to 66%for days to heading in the second cross. The predicted genetic advance was low to moderate in all studied traits. The crosses Giza 121 × line 1, Giza 126 × line 1 and line 1 × line 2 would be of interest in a breeding program, for improving characters of earliness, yield and its components.
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