One of the up-to-date issues of contemporary medicine is the study of the features of individual anatomical structure variability of various organs. In recent years, the incidence of parotid gland diseases has been rising. This phenomenon can be associated with an absolute increase in this organ pathologies incidence as well as with the development of additional methods of examination and visualization of the gland. Most pathologies of major salivary glands, in particular the parotid gland, require surgical treatment. Knowledge of topographical relationship of the parotid gland with the adjacent vessels and nerve trunks is utterly necessary for planning and performing surgical interventions and reconstructive operations in the parotid region. According to the statistics, surgical interventions on the parotid gland take the leading place among the causes of damage to the facial nerve branches. This fact may also prove a large variation in the syntopy of the facial nerve and the parotid gland. The paper reviews the data of native and foreign literature on the anatomy of parotid gland and the place of radiation research methods in the study of its topographical and anatomical features. The analysis revealed a wide range of anatomical norm of parotid gland in many parameters, including shape, linear size, blood supply, and topographical features. The practice of using anthropometric studies aimed at structuring the existing knowledge and narrowing the borders of anatomical norm for various organs proved to be successful. However, in the pool of scientific papers, we have not found similar studies concerning parotid gland. The facts mentioned above make the background and justify further studies of parotid gland in the context of normal individual variability.
The aim of the study was features of ultrastructural changes in cellular elements and connective tissue carcass of the great saphenous vein (GSV) at varicose disease in depending on the duration of the disease in persons of different ages. An examination by light microscopy of 133 fragments of BPV, excised during phlebectomy in 19 patients, and an electron microscopic examination of 532 preparations were performed. Depending on the age of the patients, four age groups was distinguished: 18-44 years old (young people); 45-59 years (middle-aged people); 60-74 years old (the elderly), 75-90 years old (persons of senile age). In the wall of the GSV of young people with a small duration of the disease, there were poorly expressed pathomorphological changes characterized by moderately expressed endothelial dysfunction and minor hypertrophy of smooth muscle cells (SMC) of the middle shell. In the group of middle-aged people, in addition to age-related changes in the structure of the wall of varicose dilated GSV, pathological changes are noted that are characteristic of the long course of the disease with the development of endothelial dysfunction. The phenotypic heterogeneity of the SMC in the middle shell intensifies, and the communication links between them is altered. Disorganization of connective tissue leads to a decrease in the strength of the connective tissue vein skeleton. Hypertrophy of SMC, as a universal compensatory-adaptive response of cells, develops in response to an increase in functional load with hemodynamic disturbances in the veins of the lower limbs and to compensate for the quantitative deficiency of SMC as a result of their death. In elderly and senile age the duration of varicose disease is more than 10 years, on average - up to 25-30 years. The number of destructively altered SMC is increasing, degenerative processes and sclerotic changes are progressing. The ultrastructural analysis of biopsies showed that at the initial stage of development of varicose disease in young people with a small duration of varicose disease, morphological changes in the structure of the GSV wall are poorly expressed. With the increase in the age of the patient and the duration of the disease, changes in GSV are progressed. Involute degenerative-dystrophic changes are most pronounced in patients over 60 years of age and are an aggravating factor during varicose transformation of the GSV wall. In elderly and senile age, the compensatory possibilities of the cells decrease, the sclerotic degenerative changes in the wall of the GSV are progressed.
The aging process of the skin of the hand continuously progresses from mature to advanced age. With age, the skin of the hand becomes pigmented, dry, wrinkled with an emphasized skin pattern, the tone of the skin of the hand decreases, thinning and atrophy of adipose tissue are noted, skin elasticity is lost with the formation of an excess of hypoelastic thinned dermis. In recent years, smooth thread implants have been used to correct involutional changes in the skin of the back of the hand. The aim of the study was a morphological evaluation of the effectiveness of the correction of involutional changes in the skin of the back surface of the hand with thread implants based on polycaprolactone and poly-L-lactic acid (PCL-PLLA) with notches. Using light and electron microscopy, we studied the reaction of cells and intercellular substance to the introduction of biodegradable filaments into the subcutaneous space. It was found that implantation of PCL-PLLA filaments increases the reparative potential of tissues. 3 months after implantation, stimulation of neocollagenesis and angiogenesis in the dermis and hypodermis was noted. The functional and proliferative activity of cells increased. Mitotic activity of cells in the basal layer of the epidermis led to an increase in its thickness. A clinically confirmed effect was noted after 3 months and persisted for 18 months after implantation. Long biodegradation of the threads (1.5-2 years) helps to slow down the aging process of the skin of the back surface of the hand, prolonging the processes of tissue revitalization.
To date, scientists have found that stress plays an important role in the formation of congenital malformations. It can be caused by the influence of negative environmental factors on the pregnant woman or by her own diseases. One of the consequences of stress is hypoxia. It can be acute and chronic, and can have a negative impact both during pregnancy and during childbirth. They also distinguish local and general hypoxia. The consequences of the negative impact of oxygen deficiency on the embryo and fetus can manifest itself both in utero and after birth, leading to various kinds of congenital malformations, diseases, and sometimes fetal death, or increase the risk of sudden infant death syndrome. Hyperplasia of blood vessels, the so-called children’s hemangiomas, develops both in utero, especially with chronic fetal hypoxia, and during childbirth. It develops due to insufficient blood supply and oxygen deficiency in various parts of the body, most often in the head and neck. In an embryo under conditions of hypoxia, tachycardia develops – with an increase in heart rate and, if it is ineffective, local vasodilation occurs. Only then, under the condition of continuing hypoxia, does an increase in the number of blood vessels develop. This often leads to the formation of hyperplasia of the blood vessels, the so-called children’s hemangiomas.This pathology is quite common, especially among fair-skinned children, which makes its study, in particular the factors that cause this pathology, relevant today.
The aim of the study was to investigate morphometric parameters of the parotid gland in various shapes of the facial and brain skull.Material and methods. The study included cadaveric biomaterial obtained from individuals of both sexes aged 48 to 73 years. There were investigated 120 human head organcomplexes containing 240 parotid glands. The samples were used to measure the upper height of the face and its width, the longitudinal and transverse diameters of the skull, and to calculate the values of the upper facial and transverse longitudinal indexes. Then the soft tissues were dissected in layers, and the parotid glands and adjacent neurovascular formations were isolated. Morphometric parameters of the parotid glands were processed statistically.Results. It was found that the vertical size of the parotid gland correlated with the upper facial index, and the sagittal size correlated with the transverse-longitudinal index. Statistically significant relationships between the upper facial, transverse-longitudinal indices and the shape of the parotid gland were not recorded.Conclusion. The study revealed an average positive correlation between the morphometric parameters of the parotid gland and the upper facial and transverse longitudinal indices. The results of the study complement the available data on the anatomy of the parotid gland and can be used in planning surgical interventions, as well as in interpreting the results of diagnostic radiation studies.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.