Two pot experiments were carried out during the two winter seasons of 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 under greenhouse conditions at the Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt to investigate the influence of salicylic acid (1 mM) and abscisic acid (0.1 mM) on morpho-physiological characters and anatomical structure as well as yield characters of faba bean plants under drought stress. As a result of stress only, all studied morphological and anatomical characters as well as chlorophyll concentrations and yield components were decreased, whereas, electrolyte leakage was increased under drought stress. However, application of salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) under drought stress significantly improved or increased all the mentioned characters except electrolyte leakage which was decreased. Application of SA and ABA under drought stress enhanced the anatomical characters of faba bean stem and leaflets, for instance, stem diameter, number of vessels/bundle in stem as well as leaf lamina thickness and average diameter of xylem vessel. Accordingly, the exogenous application of SA and ABA lead to minimize the harmful effect of drought stress and improve the morpho-physiological characters, stem and leaflets anatomy as well as yield components of faba bean plants even under drought stress.

KEYWORDS Brassica napus Ascorbic acid Salicylic acid Irrigation Quality Yield ABSTRACTIn the present study, field experiments were carried out during the cropping seasons of 2012 and 2013 to examine the adverse effects of deficit irrigation on canola productivity and determining the role of ascorbic acid and salicylic acid (both of 200 ppm) in alleviating the adverse effects under deficit irrigation. Further, effects of these phytochemicals on canola growth, yield and quality characteristics were studied by imposing three irrigation intervals viz, 25 (I1), 35 (I2) and 45 (I3) days during both the growing seasons. The results of the study showed that the growth characteristics such as chlorophyll content and relative water content were decreased under the increase in irrigation intervals. Similarly, Yield and its components including plant height , silica number/plant, number of branches, seed number/ silica, seed yield/plant, seed yield / ha as well as, seed oil content of canola plant were decreased with increasing the intervals of irrigations. Application of both of phytochemical (salicylic acid and ascorbic acid) not only reversed the negative impact of water deficit conditions but also improved the growth and yield parameters of canola plant. However, the applications of antioxidants were more effective under the second irrigation intervals (I2) for both the cropping seasons. The maximum seed yield /ha, protein and oil yield was achieved by the applications of both antioxidants combined with irrigation every 35 days. From results of this study, it can be conclude that application of antioxidants could mitigate the harmful effects of deficit irrigation of canola. Accordingly, antioxidants supplementation could enhance the growth, yield and quality traits of canola under the increase of irrigation intervals in North Nile Delta.

To avoid the hazard effect of salinity on calendula (Calendula officinalis L.), two field experiments were carried out at Sahl El-Husseinieh Research Station, Al-Sharqia Governorate, Egypt during two successive winter seasons of 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 in silty clay soil to evaluate the effects of foliar spraying with yeast at 0, 4, 8 and 12 g l -1 , proline at 0, 50, 75 and 100 mg l -1 and the interaction between them. The obtained results showed that foliar application of proline, yeast and their interactions led to improve and increase plant growth, floral, physiological and biochemical characters of calendula plants significantly more than those obtained by control, such as plant height, number of branches plant -1 , plant fresh and dry weights, number of flowers plant -1 , flowers fresh and dry weight, relative water content, carotenoid, total chlorophyll, proline content in plant leaves, as well as the activity of PPO, POX and CAT. Also, the above treatments led to improve calendula plant growth by reducing the activity of both superoxide and hydrogen peroxide and decreasing EL. Application of proline, yeast and their interactions increased the elements content of calendula plant for N, P, K, Ca and Mg %. In the contrary, they decreased Na % in the plant. Results showed that vegetative growth, floral parameters as well as anatomical characters of leaves were significantly decreased under salt stress conditions. The physiological and biochemical characters such as photosynthetic pigments content, relative water content (RWC %) and mineral elements (N, P, K, Ca and Mg %) in the leaves also significantly decreased. Whereas, Na %, proline concentration, the activity of (O-2 and H2O2) and electrolyte leakage (EL %) were increased. Moreover, available N, P and K (mg kg -1 ) in the soil is negatively affected by salt stress. The combined treatments of proline at 100 mg l -1 + yeast at 12 g l -1 followed by proline at 100 mg l -1 + yeast at 8 g l -1 gave the higher values of plant growth, biochemical and elemental content in plant besides improved the anatomical characters, consequently, increased the tolerance of calendula plants to salt stress under field conditions.

Two greenhouse experiments were conducted in the greenhouse of Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt, during two seasons (2012-2013 and 2013-2014) to study biochemical, molecular characterization and SEM investigation of susceptibility and resistance mechanisms of ten Egyptian wheat cultivars (

Two field experiments were conducted during two successive seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 at Nubaria area, Alexandria Governorate, in order to study the effect of foliar application of B, Fe, Zn and Mn at the concentrations of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 L /400 L water/fed and potassium fertilizer levels (24, 36 and 48 kg K2O/fed.) on yield and physiological characters of sugar beet plant (Beta vulgaris L.) under newly reclaimed soils. A split plot design with four replications was used. Results revealed that foliar application of B, Fe, Zn and Mn at the concentration of 1.5 l/fed recorded highest root diameter and root fresh weight/plant, as well as, sucrose%, root and sugar yields/fed., while, foliar application of B, Fe, Zn and Mn at the concentration of at 2 l/fed gave tallest root and percentage of root impurities (-amino-N, Na and K). Fertilization of potassium at rate of 48 kg K2O/fed gave highest values of root length, root diameter, the percentage of -N, Na, K as well as root and sugar yields/fed in both seasons. On the contrary, a gradual reduction in sucrose% had been detected with the increase in potassium level over 36 kg K2O/fed, while application of potassium at rate of 24 kg K2O/fed recorded the lowest values in all characters in both seasons. The interaction between foliar spraying of B, Fe, Zn and Mn at the concentration of 1.5 l/fed and potassium fertilizer at rate of 48 kg K2O /fed significantly affected root and sugar yields/fed and sucrose% in both seasons. It could be summarized that, application of potassium at rate of 48 kg K2O /fed and foliar spraying of B, Fe, Zn and Mn at the concentration of 1.5 l/fed significantly k,affected root diameter and root fresh weight, root and sugar yields/fed. as well as sucrose% INTRODUCION Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) one of the most important genus of Chenopodiaceae family, its family includes approximately 1400 species (Watson and Dallwitz, 1992). Sugar beet became one of the important sugar crops; its roots are processed into white sugar, pulp and molasses for food, feed or industrial applications and are rarely used as a raw commodity. A typical sugar beet root consists of 75.9% water, 2.6% non-sugars, 18.0% sugar and 5.5% pulp. In the sugar fraction 83.1% is recovered as crystalline sucrose, 12.5% is recovered as molasses (Bichsel, 1987). Sugar beet plays a prominent role for sugar production, about 37.27% of locally sugar production, (CCSC, 2010), it grows well in the new reclaimed soils; maturity take short time compared to sugar cane and contains high sugar content. Many environmental and agronomic factors influenced sugar beet quantity and quality as fertilization and sowing methods. Improvement of sugar beet