The initial technological pedagogical and content knowledge (TPACK) model was theorised on seven clearly identified factors. However, many studies have failed to empirically identify these seven factors, and elements influencing TPACK level, such as national context, gender, and age, remain unclear. The study is focused on teacher educators' TPACK as one of the most important elements in schoolteacher training. The main goals were to test the validity of the initial TPACK seven-factor model in a cross-national analysis context and to identify factors influencing the TPACK perception. The sample was composed of 574 teacher educators coming from a total of eight schools of educational institutions from six countries. A 26-item questionnaire, based on a four-point Likert scale, investigated the seven factors of the TPACK model as independent scales. It was administered online and anonymously. A confirmatory factor analysis using the robust maximum likelihood method and Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared tests were performed. The study showed four major results: 1) a relative stability of the seven-factor model structure across countries; 2) the relative differences of university teachers' TPACK perceptions across six countries in Europe and Asia; 3) the dependence of age and TPACK factors; and 4) an independence of gender/academic level and TPACK.

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Bullying in schools and colleges/universities has significant negative impacts on individuals and learning environments. Much of the evidence comes from school studies. This study, the first of its kind in Bhutan, explores the experience of bullying among college students. The study employed a self-administered survey to a representative sample of 2471 (male = 1242 and female = 1191) college students with mean age 21.5 years, from eight of the 11 college campuses across Bhutan. The findings indicate that bullying is not an uncommon experience amongst the college students; both as victims and victimizers. Implications for relevant stakeholders in Bhutan, and elsewhere, and recommendations to address the issues are presented, especially as they relate to teacher formation (teacher training programs). Although teacher formation is largely dependent on a pre-service teacher’s beliefs and prior learning experiences, teacher preparation programs play a vital role. Recommendations for further research are also provided.

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