This article is an update of the data compiled by Simon and Landis (1991) in The Crimes Women Commit: The Punishments They Receive. I examine current data on female labor, education, arrest and prison statistics to further evaluate the arguments expressed by Simon and Landis in 1991. Based on the demographic data, women have increased their opportunity to commit crimes, and their taking advantage of these opportunities is reflected in the increased female crime rate. Overall, these data show that women are committing crime at a steady rate. When compared to men, women seem to be committing the crimes of embezzlement, fraud, forgery, and larceny at a rate comparable to men. Thus, the arguments expressed by Simon and Landis in 1991 are further supported.The four basic theories generally used to discuss women and crime are (1) the masculinity theory, (2) the opportunity theory, (3) the economic marginalization theory, and (4) the chivalry theory. The masculinity theory, made popular by Freda Adler in Sister's in Crime (1975), links changes in criminality to changes in subjective attitudes brought about by the women's movement, changing social roles of women, the masculinization of female behavior, and changes in patterns of female offending. As women become more liberated they take on male characteristics of being aggressive, pushy, and hardheaded. Women learn to use crime as a means of acquiring success and wealth, and become more violent. As women become masculinized, their rates of offending for both property and violent offenses will converge with male rates of offending.The opportunity theory made popular by Simon (1975) holds that women are no more or less moral than men. One sex is no more or less inclined to commit
This report, using the results of the survey and new research, identifies some next steps to providing State and local law enforcement with tools to identify and respond to transnational crime .... The second section [excerpted here] is a literature review of the current state of the field in identifying and responding to transnational crime at the State and local level. This section provides a context for the interpretation of the results of this study ....
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