Background: Statistics is relevant to students and practitioners in medicine and health sciences and is increasingly taught as part of the medical curriculum. However, it is common for students to dislike and under-perform in statistics. We sought to address these issues by redesigning the way that statistics is taught.

This study explored the issue of premature termination by using the client readiness variables reflected in the stages of change and processes of change proposed in J. O. transtheoretical model. This study used these variables in an attempt to distinguish between premature and nonpremature terminators in a college counseling center. Results indicated that the two termination groups were distinguishable on stages and processes of change, though some results were not predicted by the transtheoretical theory or model. Recommendations are made for future research to identify and predict clients at risk for premature termination and to determine how to avert such termination.

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The present paper concerns the motivational underpinnings and behavioral correlates of the prevention or stopping of negative stimulation – a situation referred to as relief. Relief is of great theoretical and applied interest. Theoretically, it is tied to theories linking affect, emotion, and motivational systems. Importantly, these theories make different predictions regarding the association between relief and motivational systems. Moreover, relief is a prototypical antecedent of counterfactual emotions, which involve specific cognitive processes compared to factual or mere anticipatory emotions. Practically, relief may be an important motivator of addictive and phobic behaviors, self destructive behaviors, and social influence. In the present paper, we will first provide a review of conflicting conceptualizations of relief. We will then present an integrative relief model (IRMO) that aims at resolving existing theoretical conflicts. We then review evidence relevant to distinctive predictions regarding the moderating role of various procedural features of relief situations. We conclude that our integrated model results in a better understanding of existing evidence on the affective and motivational underpinnings of relief, but that further evidence is needed to come to a more comprehensive evaluation of the viability of IRMO.

There are major areas of uncertainty. New analyses of existing primary data, undertaken specifically to inform regression rates may usefully update key parameters at little additional cost. If these analyses increase the likelihood that screening is cost-effective, further studies of the utility effects of treatment for high-grade AIN, and potential screening attendance rates may be justified.