Of Foulkes' Four Levels of interaction (Therapeutic Group Analysis, 1964: 114) the primordial has received the least notice, despite it being the foundation for the others. This article explores where this category may have originated and then presents a digest of anthropological research into human social group origins, and their relation to group-analysis and current human concerns.
Nurses are increasingly expanding their practice to include many more invasive procedures. Consequently, there is a need to re-examine nurses' responsibilities in relation to obtaining consent for nursing as opposed to medical procedures. Fully informed consent is not a legal requirement in England, for either medical or nursing procedures. However, this article argues that to comply with the standard set by the Code of Professional Conduct nurses should obtain informed consent for any proposed procedure they undertake. The concept of informed consent is examined and applied to practice. Ultimately, nurses are charged with four key tasks in relation to securing consent for nursing procedures: educating themselves about the risks and benefits of the procedures they propose to undertake; conveying this information to patients; assessing their understanding of the information given; and endeavouring to support the patient in his/her decision.
When you invited me, Tom, to provide the formal response to this lecture, I was at first hesitant, but a little later accepted. It is an honour that comes few people's way. I had already responded warmly to your book of the same title, having written the review for the Society's journal, Group Analysis Volume 45, No 4, December 2012 . So may I now thank you personally for these few moments?What attracts me to the theme of your book and this lecture is the uncovering of the 'cul-de-sac' quality of the tripartite model of the mind that Freud published in 1923-Id, Ego, Superego . For almost a century this model has framed how psycho-analysis and psychiatry in general theorize about the human mind. Foulkes' work and that of other group psychotherapy practitioners often emphasizes the individual in the group, for instance: For many years now I look at the patient in front of me as only one link in a long chain, in a whole network of interactions, which is the real locus of the process causing both disease and cure. (SHF: 156, TGA)And yet the psychoanalytic model of mind, arising from the one-toone clinical situation, has predominated-in fact, 'there was no alternative'! This is despite Freud's, Foulkes' and others' insistence on the psychology of humanity having been formed by its group origins.
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