Summary
The influence of wood upon the setting of cement is generally assessed by conducting semi-adiabatic
hydration tests. The existing methods to quantify wood-cement compatibility are based on
the maximum hydration temperature (Tmax
), the time (tmax
) to reach it or the heat evolved in a
specified period. Results obtained by these methods at higher wood-cement ratios are not convincing
and show inconsistencies for various reasons. This paper discusses these reasons and suggests
an alternative method based on a maturity function. The results from the new calculation method
are compared with those of the existing methods and demonstrate the superiority of this new
method at higher wood-cement ratios.
Planar laser scattering (PLS) and planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) techniques are currently being used for rapid characterization of fuel sprays associated with gas turbine atomizers, diesel injectors, and automotive fuel injectors. These techniques can be used for qualitative, quantitative, and rapid measurement of fuel mass, spray geometry, and Sauter mean diameters in various sprays. The spatial distribution of the fuel mass can be inferred directly from the PLIF image, and the Sauter mean diameter can be measured by simultaneously recording the PLIF and PLS images and then ratioing the two. A spray characterization system incorporating the PLS and/or PLIF techniques has been loosely termed an optical patternator, and in this study, it has been used to characterize both steady and pulsed sprays. The results obtained with the optical patternator have been directly validated using a phase Doppler particle analyzer (PDPA).
Planar laser scattering (PLS) and planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) techniques are currently being used for rapid characterization of fuel sprays associated with gas turbine atomizers, Diesel injectors, and automotive fuel injectors. These techniques can be use used for qualitative, quantitative, and rapid measurement of fuel mass, spray geometry, and Sauter mean diameters in various sprays. The spatial distribution of the fuel mass can be inferred directly from the PLIF image, and the Sauter mean diameter can be measured by simultaneously recording the PLIF and PLS images, and then ratioing the two. A spray characterization system incorporating the PLS and/or PLIF techniques has been loosely termed an Optical Patternator, and in this study, it has been used to characterize both steady and pulsed sprays. The results obtained with the Optical Patternator have been directly validated using a Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA).
Summary
Aspen wood (Populus tremula) as sawdust was chemically modified through a two-step procedure: esterification
with maleic anhydride and subsequent oligoesterification with glycidyl methacrylate and maleic
anhydride. Simplified techniques consisting of impregnation by immersion followed by thermal treatment
using conventional or microwave heating were employed. Chemical analyses and infra-red spectroscopy
showed some differences in the chemical composition and structure of the resulting oligoesterified
wood depending on the synthesis technique. However, the thermoplastic properties, clearly
revealed by thermomechanical analysis, were quite similar and comparable to those exhibited by the oligoesterified
wood resulting via classical synthesis. Moreover, similar degrees of chemical modification
were obtained for a significantly shorter duration of the process when microwave heating was employed
instead of conventional heating.
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