Familism is a key cultural value that emphasizes support and attachment, loyalty, honor, and obligation to the family and is hypothesized to be critical in shaping family dynamics and individual adjustment among Hispanic/Latino individuals. To advance the field, we drew from cultural-ecological and developmental models to examine familism as a cultural promotive and risk factor for individual adjustment and family relationship quality. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis via a search between 2017 and 2020 and identified 126 records (23% unpublished dissertations) from 73 independent studies (12% longitudinal) in PsycINFO/Proquest, PubMed, and ERIC databases between 1993 and 2019. The multilevel meta-analysis revealed significant effects: educational outcomes, r = .16, 95% CI [.08, .23]; family relationships, which included warmth/support, r = .24, 95% CI [.19, .29], and conflict/negativity, r = −.13, 95% CI [−.23, −.02]; internalizing symptoms, r = −.12, 95% CI [−.16, −.09]; and externalizing symptoms, r = −.10, 95% CI [−.18, −.03]. We tested conceptually driven moderators and found significant variation by sample (e.g., nativity, developmental period) and context characteristics (i.e., U.S. states characterized as “established” or “new/emerging” for Hispanic/Latino populations). Findings suggest that familism may function more as a promotive and less as a risk factor and that continued attention is needed to the conditions that strengthen or weaken these associations. Although conclusions are limited because most effect sizes were from cross-sectional designs with U.S. Mexican-origin participants and relied on self-reports, findings highlight the complex associations between familism and adjustment/relationship quality and can guide future research.
Introduction: Literature on adolescent prosocial behavior (PB) has grown tremendously since the development of The Prosocial Tendency Measure-Revised (PTM-R), which includes subscales assessing diferent types of PB. However, indings of gender diferences are inconsistent across studies. Thus, we computed meta-analyses to examine gender diferences in adolescents' PB. Further, we examined the moderating roles of type of PB, and various sample (i.e., mean age, gender composition, ethnic composition) and study (i.e., reporter type, measurement form, reliability) characteristics in gender diferences in PB. Methods: Using online databases (e.g., ProQuest), journal article references, and conference programs, we identiied a total of 46 records from 32 studies (215 efect sizes, N = 12,024) across the globe that had measured adolescents' (age 10-18; 51% male) PB using the PTM-R or the PTM. Results: Gender diferences in the PB were small to medium in magnitude (ds ranged from 0 to 0.35) for absolute gender diferences (i.e., overall magnitude of gender diferences regardless of which gender was higher). There were larger gender diferences for gender-typed prosocial behaviors (e.g., altruistic, d = 0.35) than gender-neutral behaviors (e.g., anonymous, d = 0.03). The type of PB (i.e., altruistic, compliant, public, emotional, dire, anonymous) and region (i.e., European, U.S., traditional cultures, Asian) and were signiicant moderators. Conclusions: Although males and females generally are more similar than diferent in their prosociality, it is important to consider the type of PB when examining gender diferences.Most research on adolescent development has focused on risk-taking and problem behaviors (Ettekal & Ladd, 2017) whereas positive behaviors, such as prosocial behavior, have received relatively less research attention. Prosocial behavior (PB) refers to voluntary, intentional actions that beneit others (e.g., sharing to comply with adults' request; Eisenberg, Spinrad, & Knafo-Noam, 2015). Due to increasing social mobility and cognitive capacities, adolescents, in comparison to younger children, are likely presented with more opportunities to engage in PB (Fabes, Carlo, Kupanof, & Laible, 1999). It is important to examine PB during adolescence because it may be a protective factor against problem behaviors (Carlo et al., 2014) and has been positively related to social competence (Eisenberg et al., 2015) and academic outcomes (Caprara, Barbaranelli, Pastorelli, Bandura, & Zimbardo, 2000).Gender is one of the most basic social categories, and researchers have long been interested in examining gender diferences in
Substantial evidence links socioeconomic status to internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. However, it is unclear how these two categories of behavior problems relate to specific components of socioeconomic status (e.g., income, educational attainment, and occupational prestige) or overall social status. In this study, we conducted a second-order meta-analysis to estimate the average associations of income, education, occupation, and overall socioeconomic status with internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, and to examine if age, sex, and race/ethnicity moderated these associations. Our systematic search in PsycINFO, PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global identified 12 meta-analyses (17% unpublished), including approximately 474 primary studies and 327,617 participants. In relation to internalizing, we found small average associations with income,r+= –.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) [–.31, –.04], and education,r+= –.12, 95% CI [–.15, –.09]. In relation to externalizing, we found smaller associations with income,r+= –.02, 95% CI [–.15, .10], education,r+= –.03, 95% CI [–.16, .10], and overall socioeconomic status,r+= –.05, 95% CI [–.11, .01], but these CIs included zero. Only sex composition of the samples moderated the latter association. We provide recommendations for best practices and future research directions.
The cultural differences hypothesis is the assertion that there are large differences between Whites and racial/ethnic minorities in the United States, while there are small differences between- (e.g., African Americans and Latinos) and within- (e.g., Latinos: Mexican Americans and Cuban Americans) minority groups. Conversely, the cultural similarities hypothesis argues that there are small differences between Whites and minorities, and these differences are equal or smaller in magnitude than differences between and within minorities. In this study, we conducted a second-order meta-analysis focused on psychopathology, to (a) test these hypotheses by estimating the absolute average difference between Whites and minorities, as well as between and within minorities, on levels of psychopathology, and (b) determine if general and meta-analytic method moderators account for these differences. A systematic search in PsycINFO, Web of Science, and ProQuest Dissertations identified 16 meta-analyses (13% unpublished) on 493 primary studies (N = 3,036,749). Differences between Whites and minorities (d+ = 0.23, 95% confidence interval [0.18, 0.28]), and between minorities (d+ = 0.30, 95% confidence interval [0.12, 0.48]) were small in magnitude. White–minority differences remained small across moderators. These findings support the cultural similarities hypothesis. We discuss their implications and future research directions.
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