This study evaluated the efficacy of video modeling delivered via a handheld device (video iPod) and the use of the system of least prompts to assist elementary-age students with transitioning between locations and activities within the school. Four students with autism learned to manipulate a handheld device to watch video models. An ABAB withdrawal design was used to evaluate a functional relation between video modeling and the percentage of independent transitions by the student. The data indicate that all participants began transitioning more independently after the intervention was introduced and that their performance decreased with withdrawal of intervention. These results are presented in the context of how a portable video delivery system can aid students who spend considerable portions of their day in general education settings where traditional means of delivering video models (e.g., televisions and computers) may not be as accessible.

Three male high school students with autism spectrum disorders participated in this study. Vocational and daily living skills were taught using video prompting via an iPhone. Specifically, using a washing machine, making noodles, and using a copy machine were taught. A multiple probe design across behaviors replicated across participants was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. Results indicate that the three participants increased performance across all behaviors by increasing the percent of steps performed independently. This study introduces a novel approach to using instructional video, in that two of the three students were able to learn how to selfprompt with the iPhone and ultimately teach themselves the target skills. Maintenance probes were also conducted and the iPhone had to be returned to all three participants for two out of three behaviors for a return to criterion levels. In addition to study limitations, implications for practice for video self-prompting are discussed.

This study evaluated the acquisition of incidental and observational information presented to 6 children with autism in a small group instructional arrangement using a constant time delay (CTD) procedure. A multiple probe design across behaviors, replicated across 6 participants, was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the CTD procedure and to assess each student's ability to read another student's words and identify related pictures. Generalization was assessed in natural conditions using a pre- and post-test paradigm. Results indicate that, despite their documented deficits in social awareness and imitation, students learned observational and incidental information during small group instruction. Educational implications with regard to small group instruction are discussed.

To successfully integrate technology into any educational program, practitioners need awareness of available technology, an understanding of how it can assist with instruction, knowledge of ways it can support day-to-day activities and, finally, the ability to teach students as well as educators to use the technology. The proliferation of advanced mobile technologies specifically targeting individuals with moderate to severe intellectual disability and/or autism spectrum disorder means increased access to new tools and a greater need for educational service providers to be trained and ready to identify, recommend and deploy appropriate supports. The rapid rate of change in the technology industry is a formidable barrier to adequately preparing anyone except a technology specialist to be current on the latest advances. This article presents recommendations for school psychologists in terms of becoming familiar with the generally available technologies and the underlying instructional techniques rather than any specific technology products. Complete familiarity with all emergent technologies is improbable but through understanding the general ways technology can be used and the basic instructional practices, school psychologists will be better equipped to recommend further exploration of technological solutions for students. C 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.The emerging and widespread use of technology to support persons with disabilities is evident by the growing number of studies investigating the use of technology-based interventions (Goldsmith & LeBlanc, 2004), including mobile technologies (Mechling, 2011). Much of the most recent research on the use of such technology has focused on a heterogeneous group of students who have a diagnosis of moderate/severe intellectual disability (reflected by IQ scores below 50) and/or autism spectrum disorder (MSID/ASD). As technology begins to permeate educational programming, school psychology trainers and practitioners alike need to identify the most promising and helpful tools that can be deployed readily within classroom contexts to assist in supporting the education of students with MSID/ASD. Part of that process not only involves awareness of available technologies, but also awareness and understanding of the extant research literature that supports their use. As such, this article examines how technology, specifically mobile technologies, can be used to support and teach students with MSID/ASD to be more independent.The awareness and understanding of the use of mobile technologies for individuals with MSID/ASD has particular relevance to the field of school psychology, as practitioners increasingly have been called on to support the educational needs of students with low incidence disabilities (especially those with ASD; see Sansosti and Sansosti in this issue). Moreover, it is highly likely that parents and advocates frequently request the use of mobile technologies within school-based

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a computer-based video instruction (CBVI) program to teach life skills. Three middle school-aged students with intellectual disabilities were taught how to make a sandwich, use a microwave, and set the table with a CBVI software package. A multiple probe across behaviors design was used to evaluate for a functional relation between the software and skill acquisition. All students increased the percentage of steps completed in the correct order after receiving CBVI. During maintenance probes, the performance of all students deteriorated; after a single review session with CBVI, all students regained previous levels of performance, tentatively indicating a role of CBVI as a tool for reviewing previously mastered material. Results are discussed in terms of the use of CBVI for providing students sufficient learning trials on tasks that require the use of consumable products (e.g., food).

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a computer-based program designed to increase percentage of correct match to sample discrimination tasks and generalization of the skills to a natural setting. Four students with moderate to severe intellectual disabilities participated. The dependent variables were: (a) the percentage of correct match to sample trials completed on the computer and (b) the percentage of items correctly selected in the natural setting of a local grocery store. Pre and post generalization testing included locating items presented and not presented during instruction. The independent variable was a multimedia computer program entitled Project SHOP that provided instruction through interactive practice activities incorporating a graduated response criterion. A multiple probe design across behaviors and replicated across four participants was used to evaluate experimental control. Results indicated that following intervention, the percentage of correct response in the community increased.

Three students with behavior disorders who exhibited difficulty with reading in content area courses learned to use a computer program to create cognitive maps of the reading material required for class. Using a modified multiple-probe design across behaviors or stimulus sets, replicated across students, allowed for the evaluation of student performance on written and oral quizzes covering content area information. All students improved reading comprehension of content material with this intervention, and were able to read their textbooks independent of teacher assistance or tutelage. These findings are significant because students who previously struggled with learning class material from text-based presentation can successfully accomplish these tasks given cognitive mapping reading strategy and access to a computer to create the cognitive maps.